English (Appalachian)

Indo-European (West Germanic, English, North American)

FamilyIndo-European (West Germanic, English, North American) Speakers~5M (regional) ScriptLatin CountriesUnited States (Appalachian region: WV, KY, TN, NC, VA, OH, PA) Official inNo (American English is de facto) Vitalitysafe

Appalachian English is a regional variety of American English spoken across the Appalachian Mountains (especially West Virginia, eastern Kentucky and Tennessee, western North Carolina and Virginia, southwestern Pennsylvania and southeastern Ohio) by ~5M people. It descends largely from 18th-century Scots-Irish (Ulster Scots) and Northern English settlers who arrived via the Great Wagon Road, in relative isolation from coastal English. Distinctive features include a-prefixing on -ing verbs (a-runnin'), 'liketa' (almost), 'youns/y'all', the older 'might could' double modal, archaic vocabulary (poke 'bag', reckon), and rhotic /r/ retention.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in English (Appalachian)

Water

water

/wɔːɾɚ/

Fire

fire

/faːɚ/

Sun

sun

/sʌn/

Moon

moon

/muːn/

Mother

mother

/mʌðɚ/

Father

father

/fɑːðɚ/

Eat

eat

/iːt/

Drink

drink

/dɹɪŋk/

Love

love

/lʌv/

Heart

heart

/hɑːɹt/

Tree

tree

/tɹiː/

House

house

/haːʊs/

Dog

dog

/dɑːɡ/

Cat

cat

/kæt/

Hand

hand

/hænd/

Eye

eye

/aː/

Hello

howdy

/haːdi/

Thank you

thanks

/θæŋks/

One

one

/wʌn/

Good

good

/ɡʊd/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Indo-European (West Germanic, English, North American) languages

Meaning English (Appalachian)English (Southern US)English (AAVE)EnglishEnglish (Scottish)Hawaiian CreoleEnglish (Australian)
Water water /wɔːɾɚ/ water /wɔːɾɚ/ water /wɑːɾɚ/ water /ˈwɔːtə/ water /wɔːtəɹ/ wata /wɑtə/ water /woːɾə/
Fire fire /faːɚ/ fire /faːɹ/ fire /faːɚ/ fire /faɪə/ fire /faɪɹ/ faia /fɑɪə/ fire /fɑːə/
Sun sun /sʌn/ sun /sʌn/ sun /sʌn/ sun /sʌn/ sun /sʌn/ san /sɑn/ sun /sɐn/
Moon moon /muːn/ moon /muːn/ moon /muːn/ moon /muːn/ moon /muːn/ mun /muːn/ moon /muːn/
Mother mother /mʌðɚ/ mother /mʌðɚ/ mama /mɑːmə/ mother /ˈmʌðə/ mother /mʌðəɹ/ madda /mɑdə/ mother /mɐðə/
Father father /fɑːðɚ/ father /fɑːðɚ/ daddy /dæɾi/ father /ˈfɑːðə/ father /fɑːðəɹ/ fadda /fɑdə/ father /fɐːðə/
Eat eat /iːt/ eat /iːt/ eat /iːt/ eat /iːt/ eat /iːt/ eat /iːt/ eat /iːt/
Drink drink /dɹɪŋk/ drink /dɹɪŋk/ drink /dɹɪŋk/ drink /dɹɪŋk/ drink /dɹɪŋk/ drink /dɹɪŋk/ drink /dɹɪŋk/
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Word order compared

Compare with major world languages

English (Appalachian)
I want to try on a suit I seen ‌in a shop across from the hotel
أنا أريد أن أجرب بدلة رأيتها في محل مقابل الفندق
试穿 酒店 对面的 商店 看到的 那套西装
I want to try on a suit I saw ‌in a shop across from the hotel
Ich möchte einen Anzug anprobieren den ich in einem Geschäft gegenüber vom Hotel gesehen habe
मैं होटल के सामने एक दुकान में देखा सूट को पहनकर देखना चाहता हूँ
私は ホテルの 向かいの お店 見た スーツを 試着 したいです
Я хочу примерить костюм который я увидел в магазине напротив отеля

Compare with closely-related languages

English (Appalachian)
I want to try on a suit I seen ‌in a shop across from the hotel
Unë dua ta provoj një kostum pashë një dyqan përballë hotelit
Ես ուզում եմ փորձել կոստում որ տեսա խանութում դիմաց հյուրանոցի
हम होटल के सामने दुकान में देखल सूट पहिन के देखे के चाहत बानी
Аз искам да пробвам костюм който видях в магазин срещу хотела

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