Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch
Kijerumani cha Pennsylvania
Indo-European (Germanic, West, German)
Pennsylvania German (Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch) descends from Palatine German dialects brought to colonial Pennsylvania in the 18th century, now sustained by Amish and Old Order Mennonite communities. Vibrant L1 transmission within these communities means the language is *growing*, not declining; intensive English contact has introduced loanwords but the High-German-dialect grammatical core is intact.
Inakozungumzwa
Maneno 20 ya msingi katika Kijerumani cha Pennsylvania
Maji
Wasser
/vasər/
Moto
Feier
/faɪər/
Jua
Sunn
/sʊn/
Mwezi
Mund
/mʊnt/
Mama
Mudder
/mʊdər/
Baba
Daadi
/daːdi/
Kula
esse
/ɛsə/
Kunywa
drinke
/dɾɪŋkə/
Upendo
liewe
/liːvə/
Moyo
Hatz
/hats/
Mti
Baam
/baːm/
Nyumba
Haus
/haʊs/
Mbwa
Hund
/hʊnt/
Paka
Katz
/kats/
Mkono
Hand
/hant/
Jicho
Aag
/aːk/
Habari
Hallo
/haloː/
Asante
Denki
/dɛŋki/
Moja
eens
/eːns/
Nzuri
gut
/ɡuːt/
Vyanzo
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha za Indo-European (Germanic, West, German) zinazohusiana
| Maana | Kijerumani cha Pennsylvania | Kifranken cha Mashariki | Kijerumani (Austria) | Kijerumani | Kijerumani cha Juu Kipya cha Mapema (enzi ya Luther) | Kiplautdietsch | Kiyidishi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | Wasser /vasər/ | Wasser /vasːə/ | Wasser /vasɐ/ | Wasser /vasɐ/ | Wasser /ˈvasːər/ | Wota /vɔta/ | וואַסער /vasər/ |
| Moto | Feier /faɪər/ | Feier /faɪɐ/ | Feuer /fɔɪɐ/ | Feuer /fɔɪ̯ɐ/ | Fewr /foɪ̯r/ | Fia /fia/ | פֿײַער /fajər/ |
| Jua | Sunn /sʊn/ | Sunn /sʊn/ | Sonne /sɔnə/ | Sonne /zɔnə/ | Sonne /ˈzɔnə/ | Sonn /zɔn/ | זון /zun/ |
| Mwezi | Mund /mʊnt/ | Maa /maː/ | Mond /moːnt/ | Mond /moːnt/ | Mond /moːnt/ | Mond /mɔnt/ | לבֿנה /ləvɔnə/ |
| Mama | Mudder /mʊdər/ | Mudder /mʊdɐ/ | Mutter /mʊtɐ/ | Mutter /mʊtɐ/ | Mutter /ˈmʊtər/ | Mama /mama/ | מאַמע /mamə/ |
| Baba | Daadi /daːdi/ | Vadder /fadɐ/ | Vater /fɑːtɐ/ | Vater /faːtɐ/ | Vater /ˈfaːtər/ | Papa /papa/ | טאַטע /tatə/ |
| Kula | esse /ɛsə/ | esse /ɛsə/ | essen /ɛsn̩/ | essen /ɛsn̩/ | essen /ˈɛsːən/ | äten /ɛːtən/ | עסן /ɛsn/ |
| Kunywa | drinke /dɾɪŋkə/ | trinke /trɪŋkə/ | trinken /tʁɪŋkŋ/ | trinken /tʁɪŋkn̩/ | trincken /ˈtrɪŋkən/ | drinken /dɾɪŋkən/ | טרינקען /trɪŋkən/ |
| Upendo | liewe /liːvə/ | Liebe /liːbə/ | Liebe /liːbə/ | Liebe /liːbə/ | Liebe /ˈliːbə/ | leewen /leːvən/ | ליבע /libə/ |
| Moyo | Hatz /hats/ | Herz /hɛrts/ | Herz /hɛɐt͡s/ | Herz /hɛʁt͡s/ | Hertz /hɛrt͡s/ | Hoat /hoat/ | האַרץ /harts/ |
| Mti | Baam /baːm/ | Bauma /baʊmaː/ | Baum /baːm/ | Baum /baʊ̯m/ | Bawm /baʊm/ | Boom /boːm/ | בוים /bɔɪm/ |
| Nyumba | Haus /haʊs/ | Haus /haʊs/ | Haus /haʊs/ | Haus /haʊ̯s/ | Hauß /haʊs/ | Hus /huːs/ | הויז /hɔɪz/ |
| Mbwa | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hund /hʊnt/ | Hund /hʊnt/ | הונט /hunt/ |
| Paka | Katz /kats/ | Katz /kats/ | Katze /kɑt͡sə/ | Katze /kat͡sə/ | Katze /ˈkat͡sə/ | Kaut /kaʊt/ | קאַץ /kats/ |
| Mkono | Hand /hant/ | Hand /hand/ | Hand /hɑnt/ | Hand /hant/ | Handt /hant/ | Haunt /haʊnt/ | האַנט /hant/ |
| Jicho | Aag /aːk/ | Aach /aːx/ | Auge /aːɡə/ | Auge /aʊ̯ɡə/ | Aug /aʊk/ | Uag /uak/ | אויג /ɔɪɡ/ |
| Habari | Hallo /haloː/ | Grüß Gott /ɡrʏs ɡɔt/ | Servus /zɛɐvʊs/ | Hallo /haloː/ | Gott zum Gruß /ɡɔt t͡sʊm ɡruːs/ | Goondach /ɡoːndax/ | שלום־עליכם /ʃoləm aleɪxəm/ |
| Asante | Denki /dɛŋki/ | Vergelt's Gott /fɛɐɡɛlts ɡɔt/ | Danke /daŋkə/ | Danke /daŋkə/ | Danck /daŋk/ | Donk /dɔŋk/ | אַ דאַנק /a daŋk/ |
| Moja | eens /eːns/ | ans /ans/ | oans /ɑːns/ | eins /aɪ̯ns/ | eyn /aɪ̯n/ | eent /eːnt/ | איינס /eɪns/ |
| Nzuri | gut /ɡuːt/ | guad /ɡuə̯d/ | gut /ɡuːt/ | gut /ɡuːt/ | gut /ɡuːt/ | goot /ɡoːt/ | גוט /ɡut/ |
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