Na:tinixwe Mixine:whe’
Kihupa
Na-Dené (Kiathabaska, Pwani ya Pasifiki)
Hupa (Na:tinixwe Mixine:whe', "lugha ya watu wa Bonde la Hoopa") ni lugha ya Kiathabaska ya Pwani ya Pasifiki ya kaskazini-magharibi mwa California, dada wa Chilula na Whilkut. Ina mfumo wa kawaida wa Kiathabaska wa vitenzi vya uainishaji wenye mofolojia ya viambishi awali, vikwamizo vya kando (ɬ) na konsonanti za mlipuko (ejectives). Leo ina wazungumzaji wachache tu wazee wa lugha ya kwanza (L1), lakini ni kitovu cha juhudi kubwa za kabila za kufufua lugha, ikiwa ni pamoja na shule za kuzamishwa katika lugha.
Inakozungumzwa
Maneno 31 ya msingi katika Kihupa
Maji
xaŋ
/xɑŋ/
Moto
xoŋ’
/xoŋʔ/
Jua
hwa
/hwa/
Mwezi
hwa-ʼaŋʼ
/hwaʔɑŋʔ/
Nyota
sʼeʔ
/sʼeʔ/
Mama
-an’
/-anʔ/
Baba
-ta’
/-taʔ/
Mimi
whe
/hʷe/
Wewe
niŋ
/nɪŋ/
Jina
-ooziʔ
/oːzɪʔ/
Jicho
-na:ʼ
/-nɑːʔ/
Mkono
-laʼ
/-laʔ/
Moyo
-piŋ
/-piŋ/
Upendo
na-wh-ʼisht’e’n
/nɑwʔɪʃtʼɛʔn/
Mti
kin
/kɪn/
Nyumba
xontah
/xontɑh/
Mbwa
ɬi:n
/ɬiːn/
Paka
—
/—/
Kula
na-ya:n
/nɑjɑːn/
Kunywa
na-ʼa:n
/nɑʔɑːn/
Moja
ɬaʼ
/ɬaʔ/
Mbili
nahx
/naːx/
Habari
ts’ehdiya’
/tsʼɛhdɪjaʔ/
Asante
na:nehs-ʼe:n
/nɑːnɛhsʔɛːn/
Nzuri
niwhoŋ
/nɪwhoŋ/
Vyanzo
- Golla, Victor (1996) Hupa Language Dictionary. Second edition. Hoopa Valley Tribal Council.
- Sapir, Edward & Golla, Victor (2001) The Collected Works of Edward Sapir XIV: Northwest California Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Glottolog: Hupa
Ulinganishaji wa maneno
Imelinganishwa na lugha za Na-Dené (Athabaskan, Pacific Coast) zinazohusiana
| Maana | Kihupa | Kiapache cha Magharibi | Kinavaho | Kikoyukon | Kipyu | Onondaga | Kichipewyan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maji | xaŋ /xɑŋ/ | tu /tu/ | tó /tóː/ | too /toː/ | ʔuy /uj/ | ohnekano:s /ohnekanoːs/ | tu /tu/ |
| Moto | xoŋ’ /xoŋʔ/ | kǫʼ /kṍʔ/ | kǫʼ /kõːʔ/ | konh /konh/ | vyaŋ /wjaŋ/ | oji:staʼ /odʒiːstaʔ/ | kʼón /kʼón/ |
| Jua | hwa /hwa/ | shándaʼá /ʃándaːʔá/ | jóhonaaʼéí /dʒóhonɑːʔéːí/ | so /so/ | ño /ɲo/ | gaeh'kwa /ɡaehʔkwa/ | sa /sa/ |
| Mwezi | hwa-ʼaŋʼ /hwaʔɑŋʔ/ | tłʼéʼsanaaʼái /tɬʔeʔsanaːʔai/ | tłʼéhonaaʼéí /tɬʼéhonɑːʔéːí/ | oolts'enh /ooltsʼenh/ | hla /hla/ | gaeh'kwa enitha /ɡaehʔkwa enitha/ | hadelyi /haðeli/ |
| Nyota | sʼeʔ /sʼeʔ/ | sǫʼs /sṍːs/ | sǫʼ /sṍʔ/ | so /sɔ/ | kar /karʔ/ | otsistoʼgwaʼ /odʒistoʔɡwaʔ/ | thën /θən/ |
| Mama | -an’ /-anʔ/ | shimá /ʃima/ | shimá /ʃimáː/ | enaa /enaː/ | na /na/ | ekno:ha' /eknoːhaʔ/ | ená /ena/ |
| Baba | -ta’ /-taʔ/ | shitaa /ʃitaː/ | shizhéʼé /ʃiʒéːʔéː/ | etaa /etaː/ | paʔ /paʔ/ | hak'no:ha' /hakʔnoːhaʔ/ | etá /eta/ |
| Mimi | whe /hʷe/ | shí /ʃí/ | shí /ʃí/ | see /siː/ | ŋa /ŋa/ | iʼ /iʔ/ | si /si/ |
| Wewe | niŋ /nɪŋ/ | ni /ní/ | ni /ni/ | nee /niː/ | naŋ /naŋ/ | íseʼ /iseʔ/ | nen /nɛn/ |
| Jina | -ooziʔ /oːzɪʔ/ | -zhiʼ /ʒìʔ/ | -zhiʼ /ʒìʔ/ | -zaakkʼeʼ /zàːkʼeʔ/ | miŋ /miŋ/ | yaʼts /jaʔts/ | -zí /zí/ |
| Jicho | -na:ʼ /-nɑːʔ/ | nadáá /nadaː/ | anááʼ /ʔanáːʔ/ | nełtonh /neɬtonh/ | mik /mik/ | oga:tha' /oɡaːtʰaʔ/ | índa /inda/ |
| Mkono | -laʼ /-laʔ/ | shílaʼ /ʃilaʔ/ | álaʼ /ʔálaʔ/ | ela /ela/ | lak /lak/ | onénǫhsa' /onenõhsaʔ/ | ela /ela/ |
| Moyo | -piŋ /-piŋ/ | bíjéí /bidʒeː/ | ajéí /ɑdʒéːí/ | -dzaaya' /tsæːjəʔ/ | — /—/ | awé:ri /aweːri/ | eθey /eθej/ |
| Upendo | na-wh-ʼisht’e’n /nɑwʔɪʃtʼɛʔn/ | ayóigóʼíí /ʔajoiɣoʔiː/ | ayóóʼánóshní /ɑjóːʔɑ́nóʃníː/ | k'oonejee /kʼooneʒeː/ | — /—/ | gaonihsdá:wę /ɡaonihsdaːwɛ̃/ | hı́́la /hila/ |
| Mti | kin /kɪn/ | tsin /tsin/ | tsin /tsin/ | k'eyh /kʼejh/ | siŋ /siŋ/ | ga:enda' /ɡaːendaʔ/ | tθʼen /tθʼen/ |
| Nyumba | xontah /xontɑh/ | kį /kĩ/ | hooghan /hoːɣɑn/ | kkun /kːun/ | vaiŋ /waiŋ/ | ganǫhsoht /ɡanõhsoht/ | kǫ́é /kɔ̃e/ |
| Mbwa | ɬi:n /ɬiːn/ | łį́į́ʼ /ɬĩːʔ/ | łééchąąʼí /ɬéːtʃãːʔí/ | łeek /ɬeːk/ | kwiy /kwij/ | só:wa:s /soːwaːs/ | łı́ /ɬi/ |
| Paka | — /—/ | mósí /mosi/ | mósí /mósí/ | dotonh /dotonh/ | — /—/ | takó:s /takoːs/ | nábaye /nabaje/ |
| Kula | na-ya:n /nɑjɑːn/ | yiyąʼ /jijãʔ/ | yishą́ /jiʃã́ː/ | ghen /ɣen/ | cyaʔ /tɕaʔ/ | ekho:ne' /ekʰoːneʔ/ | ɂıłtsu /ʔiɬtsu/ |
| Kunywa | na-ʼa:n /nɑʔɑːn/ | yidlą /jidlãˀ/ | yishdlą́ /jiʃtɬã́ː/ | don /don/ | — /—/ | ehnega:i'ron /ehneɡaːiʔron/ | ɂıdla /ʔidla/ |
| Moja | ɬaʼ /ɬaʔ/ | dááłeʼ /daːɬeʔ/ | tʼááłáʼí /tʼɑ́ːɬɑ́ːʔí/ | łeek'eyh /ɬeːkʼejh/ | te /te/ | ska:t /skaːt/ | ɂıłąɣe /ʔiɬɔ̃ɣe/ |
| Mbili | nahx /naːx/ | naaki /naːki/ | naaki /nɑːkɪ/ | netaakkʼa /netàːkʼʌ/ | nit /nit/ | tékni /teɡni/ | nàke /naɡe/ |
| Habari | ts’ehdiya’ /tsʼɛhdɪjaʔ/ | dahgotʼe /dahɡotʔe/ | yáʼátʼééh /jɑ́ːʔɑ́tʼéːh/ | enaa basee' /enaː baseːʔ/ | — /—/ | sgë:nǫʼ /skẽːnõʔ/ | edlanetʼè /eðlanetʼe/ |
| Asante | na:nehs-ʼe:n /nɑːnɛhsʔɛːn/ | ahéheʼe /ʔaheːheʔe/ | ahéheeʼ /ɑhéːheːʔ/ | baasee' /baːseːʔ/ | — /—/ | nya:wę' /njaːwɛ̃ʔ/ | mahsi cho /mahsi tʃo/ |
| Nzuri | niwhoŋ /nɪwhoŋ/ | nzhǫǫ /nʒõː/ | yáʼátʼééh /jɑ́ːʔɑ́tʼéːh/ | nezoonh /nezoːnh/ | — /—/ | oyá:nre /ojaːnre/ | nezų /nezũ/ |
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