Mongghul

Monguor language

Mongolic

FamilyMongolic Speakers~50–100K active ScriptLatin alphabet (Pinyin-based), 31 letters, developed 1970s-1980s. Long Official inNot official language; Monguor (Tu) is a recognized ethnic minority language in China but has no official status. Chinese is the l

Mongghul (Huzhu Monguor, ISO 639-3 mjg) is a Mongolic language spoken by roughly 50,000 people, mainly in Huzhu Tu Autonomous County in Qinghai and in smaller communities in neighboring Gansu, China. It is associated with the officially recognized Tu ethnic group, but should be distinguished from Mangghuer of Minhe, which many linguists treat as a separate, mutually unintelligible language. Mongghul is agglutinative and generally SOV, and prolonged contact with Amdo Tibetan and Northwestern Mandarin has strongly reshaped its vocabulary and grammar. An unofficial Latin alphabet based on Chinese Pinyin was developed in the 1980s, but Chinese remains dominant in education and literacy. Speaker numbers and transmission are declining, and the language is endangered.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Monguor language

Water

us

/ʊs/

Fire

gal

/ɡɑl/

Sun

naran

/ˈnɑrɑn/

Moon

sar

/sɑr/

Star

hudun

/xudun/

Mother

eej

/ˈeːʒ/

Father

aav

/ˈaːv/

I

bu

/pu/

You

chi

/tɕi/

Name

nere

/nerə/

Eye

nüd

/ˈnʏd/

Hand

gar

/ɡɑr/

Heart

zürkh

/ˈzʏrkx/

Love

khairakh

/xaɪˈrɑx/

Tree

mod

/mɔd/

House

ger

/ɡer/

Dog

noxoi

/ˈnɔxɔɪ/

Cat

mulagsai

/mulɑɡˈsaɪ/

Eat

ide

/ˈide/

Drink

uu

/uː/

One

nige

/ˈniɡe/

Two

ghoor

/ɣoːr/

Hello

sain bain uu

/saɪn baɪn uː/

Thank you

bayarlaa

/bɑjɑrˈlaː/

Good

sain

/ˈsaɪn/

Words compared

Compared with related Mongolic languages

Meaning Monguor languageMongolianEastern YugurInner MongolianKalmykMongghulClassical Mongolian
Water us /ʊs/ ус /us/ ус /us/ ᠤᠰᠤ /usu/ усн /usn/ usu /usu/ ᠤᠰᠤᠨ /usun/
Fire gal /ɡɑl/ гал /ɡal/ гал /ɡal/ ᠭᠠᠯ /ɡɑl/ гал /ɡal/ ghal /ʁal/ ᠭᠠᠯ /ɡal/
Sun naran /ˈnɑrɑn/ нар /nar/ нар /nar/ ᠨᠠᠷᠠ /nɑrɑ/ нарн /narn/ nara /nara/ ᠨᠠᠷᠠᠨ /naran/
Moon sar /sɑr/ сар /sar/ сар /sar/ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sɑrɑ/ сар /sar/ sara /sara/ ᠰᠠᠷᠠ /sara/
Star hudun /xudun/ од /ɔt/ ходэн /χoden/ ᠣᠳᠤᠨ /ɔtŋ̍/ одн /odn/ hodi /xoˈdi/ ᠣᠳᠣᠨ /odun/
Mother eej /ˈeːʒ/ ээж /eːdʒ/ ээж /eːʒ/ ᠡᠬᠡ /eχe/ ээҗ /eːdʒ/ ana /ana/ ᠡᠬᠡ /eke/
Father aav /ˈaːv/ аав /aːw/ аава /ɑːva/ ᠠᠪᠤ /ɑβu/ аав /aːv/ ada /ada/ ᠡᠴᠢᠭᠡ /etʃiɡe/
I bu /pu/ би /bi/ би /bi/ ᠪᠢ /bi/ би /bi/ bu /bu/ ᠪᠢ /bi/
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