๐‘€†๐‘€ญ๐‘†๐‘€ฐ๐‘€บ ๐‘€“๐‘€พ๐‘€ฆ๐‘†๐‘€ข๐‘†๐‘€ฏ๐‘„

Tocharian A

Indo-European (Tocharian) ยท historical / hidden variety

FamilyIndo-European (Tocharian) SpeakersExtinct (~5th-9th c. CE) ScriptTocharian script (Brahmi-derived; "North Turkestan Brahmi" or Tocharian Brahmi) CountriesTarim Basin oasis kingdoms (modern Xinjiang, China โ€” Turfan, Karashahr/Agni) Official inBuddhist oasis kingdoms of Agni (Karashahr) and Turfan Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3xto

Tocharian A (also called Eastern Tocharian, East Tocharian or Agnean/Turfanian) is the more eastern of the two Tocharian Indo-European languages, attested in Buddhist manuscripts (5th-9th c. CE) from the Tarim Basin oasis kingdoms of Agni (Karashahr) and Turfan. Together with Tocharian B (txb, more western, around Kucha), it forms the Tocharian branch โ€” a unique Indo-European subfamily separated from all other IE branches and surprisingly Centum (despite its eastern location, contradicting the Centum-Satem geographic divide). Texts include translations from Sanskrit Buddhist sutras and the dramatic Maitreyasamiti-Nฤแนญaka. Disappeared in the 9th-10th c. as the Tarim Basin Turkified under the Uyghurs.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Tocharian A

Water

๐‘€ฏ๐‘€ญ๐‘†

/wรฆr/

Fire

๐‘€ง๐‘„๐‘€ญ๐‘†

/por/

Sun

๐‘€“๐‘„๐‘€

/kom/

Moon

๐‘€ซ๐‘€œ๐‘†

/mรฆษฒ/

Mother

๐‘€ซ๐‘€ธ๐‘€˜๐‘€ญ๐‘†

/maหtsar/

Father

๐‘€ง๐‘€ธ๐‘€˜๐‘€ญ๐‘†

/paหtsar/

Eat

๐‘€ฐ๐‘€ฏ๐‘†

/ษ•รฆw/

Drink

๐‘€ฌ๐‘„๐‘€“๐‘†

/jok/

Love

๐‘€ข๐‘€ผ๐‘€๐‘€“๐‘†

/tuล‹k/

Heart

๐‘€…๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€œ๐‘†๐‘€˜๐‘†

/araหษฒts/

Tree

๐‘€ฒ๐‘†๐‘€ข๐‘€ธ๐‘€ซ๐‘†

/staหm/

House

๐‘€ฏ๐‘€ฑ๐‘†๐‘€ข๐‘†

/waส‚t/

Dog

๐‘€“๐‘€ผ

/ku/

Cat

๐‘€“๐‘€ผ๐‘€ซ๐‘€ฝ๐‘€ฑ๐‘†

/kumuหส‚/

Hand

๐‘€ข๐‘†๐‘€ฒ๐‘€ญ๐‘†

/tsar/

Eye

๐‘€…๐‘€“๐‘†

/ak/

Hello

โ€”

/โ€”/

Thank you

โ€”

/โ€”/

One

๐‘€ฒ๐‘€ฒ๐‘†

/sas/

Good

๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฒ๐‘€ผ

/kaหsu/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Indo-European (Tocharian) languages

Meaning Tocharian ATocharian BHittiteMiddle MongolianOld MalayAvestanMycenaean Greek
Water ๐‘€ฏ๐‘€ญ๐‘† /wรฆr/ ๐‘€ฏ๐‘€ญ๐‘† /war/ ๐’‰ฟ๐’€€๐’‹ป /waหtar/ แ€แ€ฌแ€บ /ษ—aหk/ ayar /ajar/ ๐ฌ๐ฌž /aหp/ ๐€“๐€ˆ /hudษ”หr/
Fire ๐‘€ง๐‘„๐‘€ญ๐‘† /por/ ๐‘€ง๐‘€ผ๐‘€ฏ๐‘€ญ๐‘† /puwar/ ๐’‰บ๐’„ฉ๐’„ด๐’„ฏ /paxหur/ แ€•แ€บแŸ /pmaส”/ api /api/ ๐ฌ๐ฌ™๐ฌ€๐ฌญ /aหtar/ ๐€ข /pyหr/
Sun ๐‘€“๐‘„๐‘€ /kom/ ๐‘€“๐‘…๐‘€ /kauล‹/ โ€” /โ€”/ แ€แ€นแšแ€ฒ /tล‹ai/ matari /matari/ ๐ฌต๐ฌŽ๐ฌŽ๐ฌ€๐ฌญ๐ฌ† /huwarษ™/ ๐€€๐€บ๐€‚๐€ /haหwelios/
Moon ๐‘€ซ๐‘€œ๐‘† /mรฆษฒ/ ๐‘€ซ๐‘‚๐‘€œ๐‘‚ /meษฒe/ ๐’€€๐’…ˆ๐’ˆ  /arma/ แ€‚แ€ปแ€ญแ€ฏแšแ€บ /klษ”ล‹/ bulan /bulan/ ๐ฌจ๐ฌ๐ฌต /maหh/ ๐€• /mษ›หn/
Mother ๐‘€ซ๐‘€ธ๐‘€˜๐‘€ญ๐‘† /maหtsar/ ๐‘€ซ๐‘€ธ๐‘€˜๐‘‚๐‘€ญ๐‘† /maหtser/ ๐’€ญ๐’ˆพ /anหa/ แšแ€ฌ /ล‹aห/ ibu /ibu/ ๐ฌจ๐ฌ๐ฌ™๐ฌ€๐ฌญ /maหtar/ ๐€”๐€ณ /maหtษ›หr/
Father ๐‘€ง๐‘€ธ๐‘€˜๐‘€ญ๐‘† /paหtsar/ ๐‘€ง๐‘€ธ๐‘€˜๐‘‚๐‘€ญ๐‘† /paหtser/ ๐’€œ๐’‹ซ /atหa/ แ€– /pสฐษ›ส”/ bapa /bapa/ ๐ฌž๐ฌŒ๐ฌ™๐ฌ€๐ฌญ /pitar/ ๐€ž๐€ณ /patษ›หr/
Eat ๐‘€ฐ๐‘€ฏ๐‘† /ษ•รฆw/ ๐‘€ฐ๐‘€ผ๐‘€ฏ /ษ•uwa/ ๐’…•๐’€€๐’€œ /ed/ แ€…แ€ญ /tษ•iส”/ makan /makan/ ๐ฌ‘๐ฌฌ๐ฌ€๐ฌญ /xwar/ ๐€๐€ˆ๐€•๐€™ /edmenai/
Drink ๐‘€ฌ๐‘„๐‘€“๐‘† /jok/ ๐‘€ฌ๐‘„๐‘€“๐‘† /jok/ ๐’…”๐’†ช /eku/ แ€žแ€ฏแ€€แ€บ /sok/ minum /minum/ ๐ฌž๐ฌ /paห/ ๐€ก๐€œ /piหnษ”ห/
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