๐๐ญ๐๐ฐ๐บ ๐๐พ๐ฆ๐๐ข๐๐ฏ๐
Tocharian A
Indo-European (Tocharian) ยท historical / hidden variety
Tocharian A (also called Eastern Tocharian, East Tocharian or Agnean/Turfanian) is the more eastern of the two Tocharian Indo-European languages, attested in Buddhist manuscripts (5th-9th c. CE) from the Tarim Basin oasis kingdoms of Agni (Karashahr) and Turfan. Together with Tocharian B (txb, more western, around Kucha), it forms the Tocharian branch โ a unique Indo-European subfamily separated from all other IE branches and surprisingly Centum (despite its eastern location, contradicting the Centum-Satem geographic divide). Texts include translations from Sanskrit Buddhist sutras and the dramatic Maitreyasamiti-Nฤแนญaka. Disappeared in the 9th-10th c. as the Tarim Basin Turkified under the Uyghurs.
Where it is spoken
20 core words in Tocharian A
Water
๐ฏ๐ญ๐
/wรฆr/
Fire
๐ง๐๐ญ๐
/por/
Sun
๐๐๐
/kom/
Moon
๐ซ๐๐
/mรฆษฒ/
Mother
๐ซ๐ธ๐๐ญ๐
/maหtsar/
Father
๐ง๐ธ๐๐ญ๐
/paหtsar/
Eat
๐ฐ๐ฏ๐
/ษรฆw/
Drink
๐ฌ๐๐๐
/jok/
Love
๐ข๐ผ๐๐๐
/tuลk/
Heart
๐ ๐ญ๐ธ๐๐๐๐
/araหษฒts/
Tree
๐ฒ๐๐ข๐ธ๐ซ๐
/staหm/
House
๐ฏ๐ฑ๐๐ข๐
/waสt/
Dog
๐๐ผ
/ku/
Cat
๐๐ผ๐ซ๐ฝ๐ฑ๐
/kumuหส/
Hand
๐ข๐๐ฒ๐ญ๐
/tsar/
Eye
๐ ๐๐
/ak/
Hello
โ
/โ/
Thank you
โ
/โ/
One
๐ฒ๐ฒ๐
/sas/
Good
๐๐ธ๐ฒ๐ผ
/kaหsu/
Sources
- Sieg, Siegling & Schulze (1931) Tocharische Grammatik
- Ringe (1996) On the Chronology of Sound Changes in Tocharian
- Glottolog: tokh1242
Words compared
Compared with related Indo-European (Tocharian) languages
| Meaning | Tocharian A | Tocharian B | Hittite | Middle Mongolian | Old Malay | Avestan | Mycenaean Greek |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ๐ฏ๐ญ๐ /wรฆr/ | ๐ฏ๐ญ๐ /war/ | ๐ฟ๐๐ป /waหtar/ | แแฌแบ /ษaหk/ | ayar /ajar/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌ /aหp/ | ๐๐ /hudษหr/ |
| Fire | ๐ง๐๐ญ๐ /por/ | ๐ง๐ผ๐ฏ๐ญ๐ /puwar/ | ๐บ๐ฉ๐ด๐ฏ /paxหur/ | แแบแ /pmaส/ | api /api/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌญ /aหtar/ | ๐ข /pyหr/ |
| Sun | ๐๐๐ /kom/ | ๐๐ ๐ /kauล/ | โ /โ/ | แแนแแฒ /tลai/ | matari /matari/ | ๐ฌต๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌญ๐ฌ /huwarษ/ | ๐๐บ๐๐ /haหwelios/ |
| Moon | ๐ซ๐๐ /mรฆษฒ/ | ๐ซ๐๐๐ /meษฒe/ | ๐๐ ๐ /arma/ | แแปแญแฏแแบ /klษล/ | bulan /bulan/ | ๐ฌจ๐ฌ๐ฌต /maหh/ | ๐ /mษหn/ |
| Mother | ๐ซ๐ธ๐๐ญ๐ /maหtsar/ | ๐ซ๐ธ๐๐๐ญ๐ /maหtser/ | ๐ญ๐พ /anหa/ | แแฌ /ลaห/ | ibu /ibu/ | ๐ฌจ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌญ /maหtar/ | ๐๐ณ /maหtษหr/ |
| Father | ๐ง๐ธ๐๐ญ๐ /paหtsar/ | ๐ง๐ธ๐๐๐ญ๐ /paหtser/ | ๐๐ซ /atหa/ | แ /pสฐษส/ | bapa /bapa/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌญ /pitar/ | ๐๐ณ /patษหr/ |
| Eat | ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ /ษรฆw/ | ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ฏ /ษuwa/ | ๐ ๐๐ /ed/ | แ แญ /tษiส/ | makan /makan/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌฌ๐ฌ๐ฌญ /xwar/ | ๐๐๐๐ /edmenai/ |
| Drink | ๐ฌ๐๐๐ /jok/ | ๐ฌ๐๐๐ /jok/ | ๐ ๐ช /eku/ | แแฏแแบ /sok/ | minum /minum/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌ /paห/ | ๐ก๐ /piหnษห/ |
| Love | ๐ข๐ผ๐๐๐ /tuลk/ | ๐๐ธ๐ฏ๐ธ /kaหwaห/ | ๐ธ๐ ๐ ๐ญ /asหijant/ | แแปแฏแแบ /pสฐyon/ | sayang /sajaล/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌญ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ /frija/ | ๐ ๐ฉ๐ /pสฐilos/ |
| Heart | ๐ ๐ญ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ /araหษฒts/ | ๐ ๐ญ๐พ๐๐๐๐ /aษพรฆษฒtse/ | ๐๐ /kard/ | แแฏแแบ /lup/ | hati /hati/ | ๐ฌฐ๐ฌ๐ฌญ๐ฌ๐ฌ /zษrษd/ | ๐๐ต๐ /kardia/ |
| Tree | ๐ฒ๐๐ข๐ธ๐ซ๐ /staหm/ | ๐ฒ๐๐ข๐ธ๐ซ๐ /staหm/ | ๐ซ๐ /taru/ | แแฏ /tษu/ | kayu /kaju/ | ๐ฌฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌฏ๐ฌ /waesa/ | ๐๐ฌ /doru/ |
| House | ๐ฏ๐ฑ๐๐ข๐ /waสt/ | ๐๐ฒ๐๐ข๐ /ost/ | ๐บ๐ /per/ | แแนแแญ /sลiส/ | rumah /rumah/ | ๐ฌฅ๐ฌจ๐ฌ๐ฌฅ๐ฌ /nmaหna/ | ๐บ๐๐ /woikos/ |
| Dog | ๐๐ผ /ku/ | ๐๐ผ /ku/ | ๐ช๐ฟ๐ญ /kuwan/ | แแ แตแฏ /kสฐlou/ | anjing /andสiล/ | ๐ฌฏ๐ฌ๐ฌ /spaห/ | ๐๐บ /kuwษหn/ |
| Cat | ๐๐ผ๐ซ๐ฝ๐ฑ๐ /kumuหส/ | ๐๐๐ฏ๐๐ /kweล/ | โ /โ/ | แแปแญ /kluj/ | kucing /kutสiล/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ |
| Hand | ๐ข๐๐ฒ๐ญ๐ /tsar/ | ๐ฑ๐ญ๐ /สar/ | ๐ ๐ ๐ญ๐ /kesหar/ | แแแฏแญ /toi/ | tangan /taลan/ | ๐ฌฐ๐ฌ๐ฌฏ๐ฌ๐ฌ /zasta/ | ๐๐ /kสฐษหr/ |
| Eye | ๐ ๐๐ /ak/ | ๐๐๐ /ek/ | ๐ญ๐ช๐ฟ /สakuwa/ | แแแบ /mat/ | mata /mata/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌฑ๐ฌจ๐ฌ๐ฌฅ /tสaสman/ | ๐๐ก๐ฐ๐๐ณ /opสฐtสฐalmos/ |
| Hello | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ |
| Thank you | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ |
| One | ๐ฒ๐ฒ๐ /sas/ | ๐ฑ๐ /สe/ | ๐น /as/ | แแฝแฒ /mwษ/ | sa /sa/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌฌ๐ฌ /aewa/ | ๐ /hen/ |
| Good | ๐๐ธ๐ฒ๐ผ /kaหsu/ | ๐๐ญ๐๐ข๐๐ฒ๐ /kartse/ | ๐ธ๐ /asหu/ | แแญแฏแแบ /kสฐษh/ | baik /baik/ | ๐ฌฌ๐ฌ๐ฌต๐ฌ /vohu/ | ๐๐๐ณ /aษกatสฐos/ |
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