๐๐ญ๐๐ฐ๐บ ๐๐พ๐ฆ๐๐ข๐๐ฏ๐
Tocharian A
Indo-European (Tocharian) ยท historical / hidden variety
Tocharian A (also called Eastern Tocharian, East Tocharian or Agnean/Turfanian) is the more eastern of the two Tocharian Indo-European languages, attested in Buddhist manuscripts (5th-9th c. CE) from the Tarim Basin oasis kingdoms of Agni (Karashahr) and Turfan. Together with Tocharian B (txb, more western, around Kucha), it forms the Tocharian branch โ a unique Indo-European subfamily separated from all other IE branches and surprisingly Centum (despite its eastern location, contradicting the Centum-Satem geographic divide). Texts include translations from Sanskrit Buddhist sutras and the dramatic Maitreyasamiti-Nฤแนญaka. Disappeared in the 9th-10th c. as the Tarim Basin Turkified under the Uyghurs.
Where it is spoken
31 core words in Tocharian A
Water
๐ฏ๐ญ๐
/wรฆr/
Fire
๐ง๐๐ญ๐
/por/
Sun
๐๐๐
/kom/
Moon
๐ซ๐๐
/mรฆษฒ/
Star
๐ฐ๐๐ญ๐๐
/ษreโฟ/
Mother
๐ซ๐ธ๐๐ญ๐
/maหtsar/
Father
๐ง๐ธ๐๐ญ๐
/paหtsar/
I
๐ฆ๐ฑ๐
/nษส/
You
๐ข๐ผ
/tu/
Name
๐๐๐
/ษฒom/
Eye
๐ ๐๐
/ak/
Hand
๐ข๐๐ฒ๐ญ๐
/tsar/
Heart
๐ ๐ญ๐ธ๐๐๐๐
/araหษฒts/
Love
๐ข๐ผ๐๐๐
/tuลk/
Tree
๐ฒ๐๐ข๐ธ๐ซ๐
/staหm/
House
๐ฏ๐ฑ๐๐ข๐
/waสt/
Dog
๐๐ผ
/ku/
Cat
๐๐ผ๐ซ๐ฝ๐ฑ๐
/kumuหส/
Eat
๐ฐ๐ฏ๐
/ษรฆw/
Drink
๐ฌ๐๐๐
/jok/
One
๐ฒ๐ฒ๐
/sas/
Two
๐ฏ๐ผ
/wu/
Hello
โ
/โ/
Thank you
โ
/โ/
Good
๐๐ธ๐ฒ๐ผ
/kaหsu/
Sources
- Sieg, Siegling & Schulze (1931) Tocharische Grammatik
- Ringe (1996) On the Chronology of Sound Changes in Tocharian
- Glottolog: tokh1242
Words compared
Compared with related Indo-European (Tocharian) languages
| Meaning | Tocharian A | Tocharian B | Hittite | Mycenaean Greek | Maharastri Prakrit | Scythian | Avestan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ๐ฏ๐ญ๐ /wรฆr/ | ๐ฏ๐ญ๐ /war/ | ๐ฟ๐๐ป /waหtar/ | ๐๐ /hudษหr/ | เคเคฆเค /udaษกa/ | ap /ap/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌ /aหp/ |
| Fire | ๐ง๐๐ญ๐ /por/ | ๐ง๐ผ๐ฏ๐ญ๐ /puwar/ | ๐บ๐ฉ๐ด๐ฏ /paxหur/ | ๐ข /pyหr/ | เค เคเฅเคเคฟ /aษกษกi/ | ฤtar /aหtar/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌญ /aหtar/ |
| Sun | ๐๐๐ /kom/ | ๐๐ ๐ /kauล/ | โ /โ/ | ๐๐ธ๐ช๐ /haหwelios/ | เคธเฅเคฐ /suหษพa/ | hvar /xสทar/ | ๐ฌต๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌญ๐ฌ /huwarษ/ |
| Moon | ๐ซ๐๐ /mรฆษฒ/ | ๐ซ๐๐๐ /meษฒe/ | ๐๐ ๐ /arma/ | ๐ /mษหn/ | เคเคเคฆ /tสanda/ | mฤh /maหh/ | ๐ฌจ๐ฌ๐ฌต /maหh/ |
| Star | ๐ฐ๐๐ญ๐๐ /ษreโฟ/ | ๐ฐ๐๐๐บ๐ญ๐๐ฌ๐ /ษtษirje/ | ๐ฉ๐ธ๐ผ๐ /xaster/ | ๐๐ณ๐ซ /astษหr/ | เคคเคพเคฐเคพ /taหษพaห/ | star /staหr/ | ๐ฌฏ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌญ /star/ |
| Mother | ๐ซ๐ธ๐๐ญ๐ /maหtsar/ | ๐ซ๐ธ๐๐๐ญ๐ /maหtser/ | ๐ญ๐พ /anหa/ | ๐๐ณ /maหtษหr/ | เคฎเคพเคฏ /maหja/ | mฤtar /maหtar/ | ๐ฌจ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌญ /maหtar/ |
| Father | ๐ง๐ธ๐๐ญ๐ /paหtsar/ | ๐ง๐ธ๐๐๐ญ๐ /paหtser/ | ๐๐ซ /atหa/ | ๐๐ณ /patษหr/ | เคชเคฟเค /piaห/ | pitar /pitar/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌญ /pitar/ |
| I | ๐ฆ๐ฑ๐ /nษส/ | ๐๐ฐ๐ /ษฒษษ/ | ๐๐ /uหk/ | ๐๐ /eษกษห/ | เค เคนเค /ahan/ | azu /azu/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌฐ๐ฌ๐ฌจ /azษm/ |
| You | ๐ข๐ผ /tu/ | ๐ข๐ผ๐ฏ๐ /tuwe/ | ๐ฃ๐ /tsik/ | ๐ถ /tuห/ | เคคเฅเคฎเค /tuman/ | tu /tuห/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌจ /tuหm/ |
| Name | ๐๐๐ /ษฒom/ | ๐๐๐ซ๐ /ษฒem/ | ๐ท๐๐ ๐ญ /laหman/ | ๐๐๐ /onoma/ | เคฃเคพเคฎ /ษณaหma/ | nama /naหma/ | ๐ฌฅ๐ฌ๐ฌจ๐ฌ๐ฌฅ /naหman/ |
| Eye | ๐ ๐๐ /ak/ | ๐๐๐ /ek/ | ๐ญ๐ช๐ฟ /สakuwa/ | โ /โ/ | เค เคเฅเคเคฟ /atสหสฐi/ | ฤaลกm /tสaสm/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌฑ๐ฌจ๐ฌ๐ฌฅ /tสaสman/ |
| Hand | ๐ข๐๐ฒ๐ญ๐ /tsar/ | ๐ฑ๐ญ๐ /สar/ | ๐ ๐ ๐ญ๐ /kesหar/ | ๐๐ /kสฐษหr/ | เคนเคคเฅเคฅ /hatหสฐa/ | zasta /zasta/ | ๐ฌฐ๐ฌ๐ฌฏ๐ฌ๐ฌ /zasta/ |
| Heart | ๐ ๐ญ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ /araหษฒts/ | ๐ ๐ญ๐พ๐๐๐๐ /aษพรฆษฒtse/ | ๐๐ /kard/ | โ /โ/ | เคนเคฟเค /hiaห/ | zard- /zard/ | ๐ฌฐ๐ฌ๐ฌญ๐ฌ๐ฌ /zษrษd/ |
| Love | ๐ข๐ผ๐๐๐ /tuลk/ | ๐๐ธ๐ฏ๐ธ /kaหwaห/ | ๐ธ๐ ๐ ๐ญ /asหijant/ | ๐ ๐ซ /pสฐilos/ | เคชเฅเคฎ /peหma/ | โ /โ/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌญ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ /frija/ |
| Tree | ๐ฒ๐๐ข๐ธ๐ซ๐ /staหm/ | ๐ฒ๐๐ข๐ธ๐ซ๐ /staหm/ | ๐ซ๐ /taru/ | ๐๐ฌ /doru/ | เคฐเฅเคเฅเค /rukหสฐa/ | โ /โ/ | ๐ฌฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌฏ๐ฌ /waesa/ |
| House | ๐ฏ๐ฑ๐๐ข๐ /waสt/ | ๐๐ฒ๐๐ข๐ /ost/ | ๐บ๐ /per/ | ๐บ๐๐ /woikos/ | เคเคฐ /ษกสฑaษพa/ | โ /โ/ | ๐ฌฅ๐ฌจ๐ฌ๐ฌฅ๐ฌ /nmaหna/ |
| Dog | ๐๐ผ /ku/ | ๐๐ผ /ku/ | ๐ช๐ฟ๐ญ /kuwan/ | ๐๐บ /kuwษหn/ | เคธเฅเคฃเค /suษณaษกa/ | spaka /spaka/ | ๐ฌฏ๐ฌ๐ฌ /spaห/ |
| Cat | ๐๐ผ๐ซ๐ฝ๐ฑ๐ /kumuหส/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | เคฎเคเฅเคเคพเคฐ /madสหaหra/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ |
| Eat | ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ /ษรฆw/ | ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ฏ /ษuwa/ | ๐ ๐๐ /eหd/ | ๐๐๐๐ /edmenai/ | เคเคพ /kสฐaห/ | xwartan /xสทartan/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌฌ๐ฌ๐ฌญ /xwar/ |
| Drink | ๐ฌ๐๐๐ /jok/ | ๐ฌ๐๐๐ /jok/ | ๐ ๐ช /eku/ | ๐ก๐ /piหnษห/ | เคชเคฟเคฌ /piba/ | โ /โ/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌ /paห/ |
| One | ๐ฒ๐ฒ๐ /sas/ | ๐ฑ๐ /สe/ | ๐ธ /as/ | ๐ /hen/ | เคเค /eษกa/ | aiwa /aiwa/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌฌ๐ฌ /aewa/ |
| Two | ๐ฏ๐ผ /wu/ | ๐ฏ๐บ /wi/ | ๐๐ /daห/ | ๐๐บ /duwoห/ | เคฆเฅ /do/ | duva /duva/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌฌ๐ฌ /dva/ |
| Hello | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ |
| Thank you | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ |
| Good | ๐๐ธ๐ฒ๐ผ /kaหsu/ | ๐๐ญ๐๐ข๐๐ฒ๐ /kartse/ | ๐ธ๐ /asหu/ | ๐๐๐ณ /aษกatสฐos/ | เคธเคพเคนเฅ /saหhu/ | vohu /wohu/ | ๐ฌฌ๐ฌ๐ฌต๐ฌ /vohu/ |
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