𐬀𐬬𐬈𐬯𐬙𐬁

Avestan

Indo-European (Iranian, Old, Eastern) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyIndo-European (Iranian, Old, Eastern) SpeakersExtinct as L1 ScriptAvestan alphabet CountriesPre-Achaemenid Eastern Iran (Bactria, Margiana area) Official inZoroastrian liturgy (since at least Sasanian period) Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3ave

Avestan is the eastern Old Iranian language of the Avesta, the sacred scripture of Zoroastrianism, attributed to the prophet Zarathushtra (c. 1000 BCE) and his successors. Two stages: Old Avestan (Gathic Avestan, ~10th c. BCE — the Gathas, Zarathushtra's own hymns) and Younger Avestan (~7th-6th c. BCE — the bulk of the Avesta corpus including the Yasna, Yashts, and Vendidad). Closely related to Vedic Sanskrit (sister languages within Indo-Iranian); the parallels between the Gathas and the Rigveda (~1500 BCE) are striking. The dedicated Avestan alphabet was created in the Sasanian period (~4-6th c. CE) from Pahlavi script. Still used liturgically by Zoroastrian Parsis in India and Iranian Zoroastrians.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Avestan

Water

𐬁𐬞

/aːp/

Fire

𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭

/aːtar/

Sun

𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆

/huwarə/

Moon

𐬨𐬁𐬵

/maːh/

Star

𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭

/star/

Mother

𐬨𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭

/maːtar/

Father

𐬞𐬌𐬙𐬀𐬭

/pitar/

I

𐬀𐬰𐬆𐬨

/azəm/

You

𐬙𐬏𐬨

/tuːm/

Name

𐬥𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬥

/naːman/

Eye

𐬗𐬀𐬱𐬨𐬀𐬥

/tʃaʃman/

Hand

𐬰𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀

/zasta/

Heart

𐬰𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬛

/zərəd/

Love

𐬟𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀

/frija/

Tree

𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬯𐬀

/waesa/

House

𐬥𐬨𐬁𐬥𐬀

/nmaːna/

Dog

𐬯𐬞𐬁

/spaː/

Cat

/—/

Eat

𐬑𐬬𐬀𐬭

/xwar/

Drink

𐬞𐬁

/paː/

One

𐬀𐬉𐬬𐬀

/aewa/

Two

𐬛𐬬𐬀

/dva/

Hello

/—/

Thank you

/—/

Good

𐬬𐬊𐬵𐬎

/vohu/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Indo-European (Iranian, Old, Eastern) languages

Meaning AvestanOld PersianScythianSogdianParthianKhotaneseMiddle Persian (Pahlavi)
Water 𐬁𐬞 /aːp/ 𐎠𐎱 /aːpi/ ap /ap/ ʾāp /aːp/ āb /aːb/ 𑀊𑀤𑀸 /uːdaː/ 𐭠𐭯 /aːb/
Fire 𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭 /aːtar/ 𐎠𐎫𐎼 /aːtar/ ātar /aːtar/ ʾātar /aːtar/ ādar /aːdar/ 𑀆𑀢𑀭 /aːtar/ 𐭠𐭲𐭱 /aːtaʃ/
Sun 𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 /huwarə/ 𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎼 /huwar/ hvar /xʷar/ xwr /xwar/ xwar /xwar/ 𑀉𑀭𑁆𑀫 /urma/ 𐭧𐭥𐭫𐭱𐭩𐭲 /xwarʃeːd/
Moon 𐬨𐬁𐬵 /maːh/ 𐎶𐎠𐏃 /maːha/ māh /maːh/ mʾx /maːx/ māh /maːh/ 𑀫𑀸𑀲𑁆𑀢 /maːsta/ 𐭬𐭠𐭧 /maːh/
Star 𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭 /star/ 𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎼 /staːra/ star /staːr/ stāre /staːre/ astārag /asˈtaːraɡ/ 𑀲𑁆𑀢𑀸𑀭 /staːra/ 𐭮𐭲𐭠𐭫𐭪 /staːrag/
Mother 𐬨𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭 /maːtar/ 𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎼 /maːtar/ mātar /maːtar/ mʾtr /maːtar/ mād /maːd/ 𑀫𑀸𑀢 /maːta/ 𐭬𐭠𐭲𐭫 /maːdar/
Father 𐬞𐬌𐬙𐬀𐬭 /pitar/ 𐎱𐎡𐎫𐎠 /pitaː/ pitar /pitar/ ptr /pitar/ pid /pid/ 𑀧𑀺𑀢 /pita/ 𐭯𐭩𐭲𐭫 /pidar/
I 𐬀𐬰𐬆𐬨 /azəm/ 𐎠𐎭𐎶 /adam/ azu /azu/ azu /azu/ az /az/ /aːə/ 𐭠𐭭 /an/
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