๐๐ผ๐ฐ๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐พ๐ฆ๐๐ข๐
Tocharian B
Indo-European (Tocharian) ยท historical / hidden variety
Tocharian B (Western Tocharian, Kuchean) is the more abundantly attested of the two Tocharian languages, surviving in religious and secular manuscripts excavated from the Buddhist kingdom of Kucha along the Silk Road. Both Tocharian languages โ closely linked Indo-European outliers in Central Asia โ went extinct around 1000 CE as Turkic peoples (the Uyghurs in particular) replaced them in the Tarim Basin. Tocharian features centum-style consonantism unusual for its eastern location.
Where it is spoken
20 core words in Tocharian B
Water
๐ฏ๐ญ๐
/war/
Fire
๐ง๐ผ๐ฏ๐ญ๐
/puwar/
Sun
๐๐ ๐
/kauล/
Moon
๐ซ๐๐๐
/meษฒe/
Mother
๐ซ๐ธ๐๐๐ญ๐
/maหtser/
Father
๐ง๐ธ๐๐๐ญ๐
/paหtser/
Eat
๐ฐ๐ผ๐ฏ
/ษuwa/
Drink
๐ฌ๐๐๐
/jok/
Love
๐๐ธ๐ฏ๐ธ
/kaหwaห/
Heart
๐ ๐ญ๐พ๐๐๐๐
/aษพรฆษฒtse/
Tree
๐ฒ๐๐ข๐ธ๐ซ๐
/staหm/
House
๐๐ฒ๐๐ข๐
/ost/
Dog
๐๐ผ
/ku/
Cat
๐๐๐ฏ๐๐
/kweล/
Hand
๐ฑ๐ญ๐
/สar/
Eye
๐๐๐
/ek/
Hello
โ
/โ/
Thank you
โ
/โ/
One
๐ฑ๐
/สe/
Good
๐๐ญ๐๐ข๐๐ฒ๐
/kartse/
Words compared
Compared with related Indo-European (Tocharian) languages
| Meaning | Tocharian B | Tocharian A | Hittite | Middle Mongolian | Mycenaean Greek | Avestan | Scythian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ๐ฏ๐ญ๐ /war/ | ๐ฏ๐ญ๐ /wรฆr/ | ๐ฟ๐๐ป /waหtar/ | แแฌแบ /ษaหk/ | ๐๐ /hudษหr/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌ /aหp/ | ap /ap/ |
| Fire | ๐ง๐ผ๐ฏ๐ญ๐ /puwar/ | ๐ง๐๐ญ๐ /por/ | ๐บ๐ฉ๐ด๐ฏ /paxหur/ | แแบแ /pmaส/ | ๐ข /pyหr/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌญ /aหtar/ | ฤtar /aหtar/ |
| Sun | ๐๐ ๐ /kauล/ | ๐๐๐ /kom/ | โ /โ/ | แแนแแฒ /tลai/ | ๐๐บ๐๐ /haหwelios/ | ๐ฌต๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌญ๐ฌ /huwarษ/ | hvar /xสทar/ |
| Moon | ๐ซ๐๐๐ /meษฒe/ | ๐ซ๐๐ /mรฆษฒ/ | ๐๐ ๐ /arma/ | แแปแญแฏแแบ /klษล/ | ๐ /mษหn/ | ๐ฌจ๐ฌ๐ฌต /maหh/ | mฤh /maหh/ |
| Mother | ๐ซ๐ธ๐๐๐ญ๐ /maหtser/ | ๐ซ๐ธ๐๐ญ๐ /maหtsar/ | ๐ญ๐พ /anหa/ | แแฌ /ลaห/ | ๐๐ณ /maหtษหr/ | ๐ฌจ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌญ /maหtar/ | mฤtar /maหtar/ |
| Father | ๐ง๐ธ๐๐๐ญ๐ /paหtser/ | ๐ง๐ธ๐๐ญ๐ /paหtsar/ | ๐๐ซ /atหa/ | แ /pสฐษส/ | ๐๐ณ /patษหr/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌญ /pitar/ | pitar /pitar/ |
| Eat | ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ฏ /ษuwa/ | ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ /ษรฆw/ | ๐ ๐๐ /ed/ | แ แญ /tษiส/ | ๐๐๐๐ /edmenai/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌฌ๐ฌ๐ฌญ /xwar/ | xwartan /xสทartan/ |
| Drink | ๐ฌ๐๐๐ /jok/ | ๐ฌ๐๐๐ /jok/ | ๐ ๐ช /eku/ | แแฏแแบ /sok/ | ๐ก๐ /piหnษห/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌ /paห/ | โ /โ/ |
| Love | ๐๐ธ๐ฏ๐ธ /kaหwaห/ | ๐ข๐ผ๐๐๐ /tuลk/ | ๐ธ๐ ๐ ๐ญ /asหijant/ | แแปแฏแแบ /pสฐyon/ | ๐ ๐ฉ๐ /pสฐilos/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌญ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ /frija/ | โ /โ/ |
| Heart | ๐ ๐ญ๐พ๐๐๐๐ /aษพรฆษฒtse/ | ๐ ๐ญ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ /araหษฒts/ | ๐๐ /kard/ | แแฏแแบ /lup/ | ๐๐ต๐ /kardia/ | ๐ฌฐ๐ฌ๐ฌญ๐ฌ๐ฌ /zษrษd/ | zard- /zard/ |
| Tree | ๐ฒ๐๐ข๐ธ๐ซ๐ /staหm/ | ๐ฒ๐๐ข๐ธ๐ซ๐ /staหm/ | ๐ซ๐ /taru/ | แแฏ /tษu/ | ๐๐ฌ /doru/ | ๐ฌฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌฏ๐ฌ /waesa/ | โ /โ/ |
| House | ๐๐ฒ๐๐ข๐ /ost/ | ๐ฏ๐ฑ๐๐ข๐ /waสt/ | ๐บ๐ /per/ | แแนแแญ /sลiส/ | ๐บ๐๐ /woikos/ | ๐ฌฅ๐ฌจ๐ฌ๐ฌฅ๐ฌ /nmaหna/ | โ /โ/ |
| Dog | ๐๐ผ /ku/ | ๐๐ผ /ku/ | ๐ช๐ฟ๐ญ /kuwan/ | แแ แตแฏ /kสฐlou/ | ๐๐บ /kuwษหn/ | ๐ฌฏ๐ฌ๐ฌ /spaห/ | spaka /spaka/ |
| Cat | ๐๐๐ฏ๐๐ /kweล/ | ๐๐ผ๐ซ๐ฝ๐ฑ๐ /kumuหส/ | โ /โ/ | แแปแญ /kluj/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ |
| Hand | ๐ฑ๐ญ๐ /สar/ | ๐ข๐๐ฒ๐ญ๐ /tsar/ | ๐ ๐ ๐ญ๐ /kesหar/ | แแแฏแญ /toi/ | ๐๐ /kสฐษหr/ | ๐ฌฐ๐ฌ๐ฌฏ๐ฌ๐ฌ /zasta/ | zasta /zasta/ |
| Eye | ๐๐๐ /ek/ | ๐ ๐๐ /ak/ | ๐ญ๐ช๐ฟ /สakuwa/ | แแแบ /mat/ | ๐๐ก๐ฐ๐๐ณ /opสฐtสฐalmos/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌฑ๐ฌจ๐ฌ๐ฌฅ /tสaสman/ | ฤaลกm /tสaสm/ |
| Hello | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ |
| Thank you | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ |
| One | ๐ฑ๐ /สe/ | ๐ฒ๐ฒ๐ /sas/ | ๐น /as/ | แแฝแฒ /mwษ/ | ๐ /hen/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌฌ๐ฌ /aewa/ | aiwa /aiwa/ |
| Good | ๐๐ญ๐๐ข๐๐ฒ๐ /kartse/ | ๐๐ธ๐ฒ๐ผ /kaหsu/ | ๐ธ๐ /asหu/ | แแญแฏแแบ /kสฐษh/ | ๐๐๐ณ /aษกatสฐos/ | ๐ฌฌ๐ฌ๐ฌต๐ฌ /vohu/ | vohu /wohu/ |
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