๐๐ผ๐ฐ๐บ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐พ๐ฆ๐๐ข๐
Tocharian B
Indo-European (Tocharian) ยท historical / hidden variety
Tocharian B (Western Tocharian, Kuchean) is the more abundantly attested of the two Tocharian languages, surviving in religious and secular manuscripts excavated from the Buddhist kingdom of Kucha along the Silk Road. Both Tocharian languages โ closely linked Indo-European outliers in Central Asia โ went extinct around 1000 CE as Turkic peoples (the Uyghurs in particular) replaced them in the Tarim Basin. Tocharian features centum-style consonantism unusual for its eastern location.
Where it is spoken
31 core words in Tocharian B
Water
๐ฏ๐ญ๐
/war/
Fire
๐ง๐ผ๐ฏ๐ญ๐
/puwar/
Sun
๐๐ ๐
/kauล/
Moon
๐ซ๐๐๐
/meษฒe/
Star
๐ฐ๐๐๐บ๐ญ๐๐ฌ๐
/ษtษirje/
Mother
๐ซ๐ธ๐๐๐ญ๐
/maหtser/
Father
๐ง๐ธ๐๐๐ญ๐
/paหtser/
I
๐๐ฐ๐
/ษฒษษ/
You
๐ข๐ผ๐ฏ๐
/tuwe/
Name
๐๐๐ซ๐
/ษฒem/
Eye
๐๐๐
/ek/
Hand
๐ฑ๐ญ๐
/สar/
Heart
๐ ๐ญ๐พ๐๐๐๐
/aษพรฆษฒtse/
Love
๐๐ธ๐ฏ๐ธ
/kaหwaห/
Tree
๐ฒ๐๐ข๐ธ๐ซ๐
/staหm/
House
๐๐ฒ๐๐ข๐
/ost/
Dog
๐๐ผ
/ku/
Cat
โ
/โ/
Eat
๐ฐ๐ผ๐ฏ
/ษuwa/
Drink
๐ฌ๐๐๐
/jok/
One
๐ฑ๐
/สe/
Two
๐ฏ๐บ
/wi/
Hello
โ
/โ/
Thank you
โ
/โ/
Good
๐๐ญ๐๐ข๐๐ฒ๐
/kartse/
Words compared
Compared with related Indo-European (Tocharian) languages
| Meaning | Tocharian B | Tocharian A | Mycenaean Greek | Avestan | Hittite | Scythian | Hajong |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ๐ฏ๐ญ๐ /war/ | ๐ฏ๐ญ๐ /wรฆr/ | ๐๐ /hudษหr/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌ /aหp/ | ๐ฟ๐๐ป /waหtar/ | ap /ap/ | pani /pa.ni/ |
| Fire | ๐ง๐ผ๐ฏ๐ญ๐ /puwar/ | ๐ง๐๐ญ๐ /por/ | ๐ข /pyหr/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌญ /aหtar/ | ๐บ๐ฉ๐ด๐ฏ /paxหur/ | ฤtar /aหtar/ | ag /aษก/ |
| Sun | ๐๐ ๐ /kauล/ | ๐๐๐ /kom/ | ๐๐ธ๐ช๐ /haหwelios/ | ๐ฌต๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌญ๐ฌ /huwarษ/ | โ /โ/ | hvar /xสทar/ | bela /be.la/ |
| Moon | ๐ซ๐๐๐ /meษฒe/ | ๐ซ๐๐ /mรฆษฒ/ | ๐ /mษหn/ | ๐ฌจ๐ฌ๐ฌต /maหh/ | ๐๐ ๐ /arma/ | mฤh /maหh/ | jon /dสon/ |
| Star | ๐ฐ๐๐๐บ๐ญ๐๐ฌ๐ /ษtษirje/ | ๐ฐ๐๐ญ๐๐ /ษreโฟ/ | ๐๐ณ๐ซ /astษหr/ | ๐ฌฏ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌญ /star/ | ๐ฉ๐ธ๐ผ๐ /xaster/ | star /staหr/ | tara /taษพa/ |
| Mother | ๐ซ๐ธ๐๐๐ญ๐ /maหtser/ | ๐ซ๐ธ๐๐ญ๐ /maหtsar/ | ๐๐ณ /maหtษหr/ | ๐ฌจ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌญ /maหtar/ | ๐ญ๐พ /anหa/ | mฤtar /maหtar/ | ma /ma/ |
| Father | ๐ง๐ธ๐๐๐ญ๐ /paหtser/ | ๐ง๐ธ๐๐ญ๐ /paหtsar/ | ๐๐ณ /patษหr/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌญ /pitar/ | ๐๐ซ /atหa/ | pitar /pitar/ | baba /baba/ |
| I | ๐๐ฐ๐ /ษฒษษ/ | ๐ฆ๐ฑ๐ /nษส/ | ๐๐ /eษกษห/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌฐ๐ฌ๐ฌจ /azษm/ | ๐๐ /uหk/ | azu /azu/ | moi /muษช/ |
| You | ๐ข๐ผ๐ฏ๐ /tuwe/ | ๐ข๐ผ /tu/ | ๐ถ /tuห/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌจ /tuหm/ | ๐ฃ๐ /tsik/ | tu /tuห/ | tui /tuษช/ |
| Name | ๐๐๐ซ๐ /ษฒem/ | ๐๐๐ /ษฒom/ | ๐๐๐ /onoma/ | ๐ฌฅ๐ฌ๐ฌจ๐ฌ๐ฌฅ /naหman/ | ๐ท๐๐ ๐ญ /laหman/ | nama /naหma/ | nam /nam/ |
| Eye | ๐๐๐ /ek/ | ๐ ๐๐ /ak/ | โ /โ/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌฑ๐ฌจ๐ฌ๐ฌฅ /tสaสman/ | ๐ญ๐ช๐ฟ /สakuwa/ | ฤaลกm /tสaสm/ | soku /sษku/ |
| Hand | ๐ฑ๐ญ๐ /สar/ | ๐ข๐๐ฒ๐ญ๐ /tsar/ | ๐๐ /kสฐษหr/ | ๐ฌฐ๐ฌ๐ฌฏ๐ฌ๐ฌ /zasta/ | ๐ ๐ ๐ญ๐ /kesหar/ | zasta /zasta/ | hat /hat/ |
| Heart | ๐ ๐ญ๐พ๐๐๐๐ /aษพรฆษฒtse/ | ๐ ๐ญ๐ธ๐๐๐๐ /araหษฒts/ | โ /โ/ | ๐ฌฐ๐ฌ๐ฌญ๐ฌ๐ฌ /zษrษd/ | ๐๐ /kard/ | zard- /zard/ | mon /mon/ |
| Love | ๐๐ธ๐ฏ๐ธ /kaหwaห/ | ๐ข๐ผ๐๐๐ /tuลk/ | ๐ ๐ซ /pสฐilos/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌญ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ /frija/ | ๐ธ๐ ๐ ๐ญ /asหijant/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ |
| Tree | ๐ฒ๐๐ข๐ธ๐ซ๐ /staหm/ | ๐ฒ๐๐ข๐ธ๐ซ๐ /staหm/ | ๐๐ฌ /doru/ | ๐ฌฌ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌฏ๐ฌ /waesa/ | ๐ซ๐ /taru/ | โ /โ/ | gas /ษกas/ |
| House | ๐๐ฒ๐๐ข๐ /ost/ | ๐ฏ๐ฑ๐๐ข๐ /waสt/ | ๐บ๐๐ /woikos/ | ๐ฌฅ๐ฌจ๐ฌ๐ฌฅ๐ฌ /nmaหna/ | ๐บ๐ /per/ | โ /โ/ | ghor /ษกสฑoษพ/ |
| Dog | ๐๐ผ /ku/ | ๐๐ผ /ku/ | ๐๐บ /kuwษหn/ | ๐ฌฏ๐ฌ๐ฌ /spaห/ | ๐ช๐ฟ๐ญ /kuwan/ | spaka /spaka/ | kuthura /kutสฐuษพa/ |
| Cat | โ /โ/ | ๐๐ผ๐ซ๐ฝ๐ฑ๐ /kumuหส/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ |
| Eat | ๐ฐ๐ผ๐ฏ /ษuwa/ | ๐ฐ๐ฏ๐ /ษรฆw/ | ๐๐๐๐ /edmenai/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌฌ๐ฌ๐ฌญ /xwar/ | ๐ ๐๐ /eหd/ | xwartan /xสทartan/ | kha /kสฐa/ |
| Drink | ๐ฌ๐๐๐ /jok/ | ๐ฌ๐๐๐ /jok/ | ๐ก๐ /piหnษห/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌ /paห/ | ๐ ๐ช /eku/ | โ /โ/ | pi /pi/ |
| One | ๐ฑ๐ /สe/ | ๐ฒ๐ฒ๐ /sas/ | ๐ /hen/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ฌฌ๐ฌ /aewa/ | ๐ธ /as/ | aiwa /aiwa/ | ek /ek/ |
| Two | ๐ฏ๐บ /wi/ | ๐ฏ๐ผ /wu/ | ๐๐บ /duwoห/ | ๐ฌ๐ฌฌ๐ฌ /dva/ | ๐๐ /daห/ | duva /duva/ | dui /duษช/ |
| Hello | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ |
| Thank you | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ | โ /โ/ |
| Good | ๐๐ญ๐๐ข๐๐ฒ๐ /kartse/ | ๐๐ธ๐ฒ๐ผ /kaหsu/ | ๐๐๐ณ /aษกatสฐos/ | ๐ฌฌ๐ฌ๐ฌต๐ฌ /vohu/ | ๐ธ๐ /asหu/ | vohu /wohu/ | bhalo /bสฑalo/ |
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