๐‘€“๐‘€ผ๐‘€ฐ๐‘€บ๐‘€œ๐‘†๐‘€œ๐‘‚ ๐‘€“๐‘€พ๐‘€ฆ๐‘†๐‘€ข๐‘‚

Tocharian B

Indo-European (Tocharian) ยท historical / hidden variety

FamilyIndo-European (Tocharian) SpeakersExtinct (5th-10th c. CE) ScriptBrahmi-derived Tocharian script CountriesTarim Basin (modern Xinjiang) Official inNo Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3txb

Tocharian B (Western Tocharian, Kuchean) is the more abundantly attested of the two Tocharian languages, surviving in religious and secular manuscripts excavated from the Buddhist kingdom of Kucha along the Silk Road. Both Tocharian languages โ€” closely linked Indo-European outliers in Central Asia โ€” went extinct around 1000 CE as Turkic peoples (the Uyghurs in particular) replaced them in the Tarim Basin. Tocharian features centum-style consonantism unusual for its eastern location.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Tocharian B

Water

๐‘€ฏ๐‘€ญ๐‘†

/war/

Fire

๐‘€ง๐‘€ผ๐‘€ฏ๐‘€ญ๐‘†

/puwar/

Sun

๐‘€“๐‘…๐‘€

/kauล‹/

Moon

๐‘€ซ๐‘‚๐‘€œ๐‘‚

/meษฒe/

Mother

๐‘€ซ๐‘€ธ๐‘€˜๐‘‚๐‘€ญ๐‘†

/maหtser/

Father

๐‘€ง๐‘€ธ๐‘€˜๐‘‚๐‘€ญ๐‘†

/paหtser/

Eat

๐‘€ฐ๐‘€ผ๐‘€ฏ

/ษ•uwa/

Drink

๐‘€ฌ๐‘„๐‘€“๐‘†

/jok/

Love

๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฏ๐‘€ธ

/kaหwaห/

Heart

๐‘€…๐‘€ญ๐‘€พ๐‘€œ๐‘†๐‘€˜๐‘‚

/aษพรฆษฒtse/

Tree

๐‘€ฒ๐‘†๐‘€ข๐‘€ธ๐‘€ซ๐‘†

/staหm/

House

๐‘„๐‘€ฒ๐‘†๐‘€ข๐‘†

/ost/

Dog

๐‘€“๐‘€ผ

/ku/

Cat

๐‘€“๐‘†๐‘€ฏ๐‘‚๐‘€

/kweล‹/

Hand

๐‘€ฑ๐‘€ญ๐‘†

/ส‚ar/

Eye

๐‘‚๐‘€“๐‘†

/ek/

Hello

โ€”

/โ€”/

Thank you

โ€”

/โ€”/

One

๐‘€ฑ๐‘‚

/ส‚e/

Good

๐‘€“๐‘€ญ๐‘†๐‘€ข๐‘†๐‘€ฒ๐‘‚

/kartse/

Words compared

Compared with related Indo-European (Tocharian) languages

Meaning Tocharian BTocharian AHittiteMiddle MongolianMycenaean GreekAvestanScythian
Water ๐‘€ฏ๐‘€ญ๐‘† /war/ ๐‘€ฏ๐‘€ญ๐‘† /wรฆr/ ๐’‰ฟ๐’€€๐’‹ป /waหtar/ แ€แ€ฌแ€บ /ษ—aหk/ ๐€“๐€ˆ /hudษ”หr/ ๐ฌ๐ฌž /aหp/ ap /ap/
Fire ๐‘€ง๐‘€ผ๐‘€ฏ๐‘€ญ๐‘† /puwar/ ๐‘€ง๐‘„๐‘€ญ๐‘† /por/ ๐’‰บ๐’„ฉ๐’„ด๐’„ฏ /paxหur/ แ€•แ€บแŸ /pmaส”/ ๐€ข /pyหr/ ๐ฌ๐ฌ™๐ฌ€๐ฌญ /aหtar/ ฤtar /aหtar/
Sun ๐‘€“๐‘…๐‘€ /kauล‹/ ๐‘€“๐‘„๐‘€ /kom/ โ€” /โ€”/ แ€แ€นแšแ€ฒ /tล‹ai/ ๐€€๐€บ๐€‚๐€ /haหwelios/ ๐ฌต๐ฌŽ๐ฌŽ๐ฌ€๐ฌญ๐ฌ† /huwarษ™/ hvar /xสทar/
Moon ๐‘€ซ๐‘‚๐‘€œ๐‘‚ /meษฒe/ ๐‘€ซ๐‘€œ๐‘† /mรฆษฒ/ ๐’€€๐’…ˆ๐’ˆ  /arma/ แ€‚แ€ปแ€ญแ€ฏแšแ€บ /klษ”ล‹/ ๐€• /mษ›หn/ ๐ฌจ๐ฌ๐ฌต /maหh/ mฤh /maหh/
Mother ๐‘€ซ๐‘€ธ๐‘€˜๐‘‚๐‘€ญ๐‘† /maหtser/ ๐‘€ซ๐‘€ธ๐‘€˜๐‘€ญ๐‘† /maหtsar/ ๐’€ญ๐’ˆพ /anหa/ แšแ€ฌ /ล‹aห/ ๐€”๐€ณ /maหtษ›หr/ ๐ฌจ๐ฌ๐ฌ™๐ฌ€๐ฌญ /maหtar/ mฤtar /maหtar/
Father ๐‘€ง๐‘€ธ๐‘€˜๐‘‚๐‘€ญ๐‘† /paหtser/ ๐‘€ง๐‘€ธ๐‘€˜๐‘€ญ๐‘† /paหtsar/ ๐’€œ๐’‹ซ /atหa/ แ€– /pสฐษ›ส”/ ๐€ž๐€ณ /patษ›หr/ ๐ฌž๐ฌŒ๐ฌ™๐ฌ€๐ฌญ /pitar/ pitar /pitar/
Eat ๐‘€ฐ๐‘€ผ๐‘€ฏ /ษ•uwa/ ๐‘€ฐ๐‘€ฏ๐‘† /ษ•รฆw/ ๐’…•๐’€€๐’€œ /ed/ แ€…แ€ญ /tษ•iส”/ ๐€๐€ˆ๐€•๐€™ /edmenai/ ๐ฌ‘๐ฌฌ๐ฌ€๐ฌญ /xwar/ xwartan /xสทartan/
Drink ๐‘€ฌ๐‘„๐‘€“๐‘† /jok/ ๐‘€ฌ๐‘„๐‘€“๐‘† /jok/ ๐’…”๐’†ช /eku/ แ€žแ€ฏแ€€แ€บ /sok/ ๐€ก๐€œ /piหnษ”ห/ ๐ฌž๐ฌ /paห/ โ€” /โ€”/
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