ཆོས་སྐད (གྲྭ་པའི)

Liturgical Classical Tibetan

Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman, Bodish; Tibetan Buddhist liturgical pedagogy) · historical / hidden variety

FamilySino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman, Bodish; Tibetan Buddhist liturgical pedagogy) SpeakersActive liturgical and pedagogical use throughout Tibetan Buddhist world ScriptTibetan (Uchen, dbu-can) CountriesTibet (originally), India (Dharamsala exile community), Nepal, Bhutan, Mongolia, China, Western dharma centers worldwide Official inLiturgical language of Tibetan Buddhism (Gelug, Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya, Bon) Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3xct

Liturgical Classical Tibetan (chos-skad, "Dharma language") is the actively recited form of Classical Tibetan maintained by Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and dharma centers worldwide. Distinct from scholarly Classical Tibetan (xct, historical-attested literary form used for academic philology) by: (1) Buddhist honorific and liturgical vocabulary preferred for sutra recitation (yab vs pha "father", byams-pa vs dgaʼ-ba "love/loving-kindness", khang-pa vs khyim "house", zhi-mi vs byi-la "cat"); (2) Dharamsala-standardized Lhasa-Tibetan pronunciation taught to international students and used in the modern Gelug authoritative tradition (the variety promoted by the Dalai Lama's Library of Tibetan Works and Archives); (3) ritual recitation styles including slow chant with melodic tones, mantras in Sanskrit-via-Tibetan transcription. The Tibetan Buddhist counterpart of Quranic Arabic recitation and Theravada Pali chanting. Anchored at Dharamsala, the Indian exile center of modern Tibetan Buddhist pedagogy.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Liturgical Classical Tibetan

Water

ཆུ

/tɕʰu/

Fire

མེ

/me/

Sun

ཉི་མ

/ɲima/

Moon

ཟླ་བ

/dawa/

Mother

ཨ་མ

/ama/

Father

ཡབ

/jab/

Eat

བཟའ

/sa/

Drink

འཐུང

/tʰuŋ/

Love

བྱམས་པ

/tɕampa/

Heart

སྙིང

/ɲiŋ/

Tree

ཤིང

/ɕiŋ/

House

ཁང་པ

/kʰaŋpa/

Dog

ཁྱི

/tɕʰi/

Cat

ཞི་མི

/ʑimi/

Hand

ལག་པ

/lakpa/

Eye

མིག

/mik/

Hello

བཀྲ་ཤིས་བདེ་ལེགས

/tʂaʃi delek/

Thank you

ཐུགས་རྗེ་ཆེ

/tʰukdʑe tɕʰe/

One

གཅིག

/tɕik/

Good

ཡག་པོ

/jakpo/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman, Bodish; Tibetan Buddhist liturgical pedagogy) languages

Meaning Liturgical Classical TibetanKhams TibetanClassical TibetanBaltiSikkimeseLadakhiSherpa
Water ཆུ /tɕʰu/ ཆུ /tɕʰu/ ཆུ /tɕʰu/ ཆུ /tɕʰu/ ཆུ /tɕʰu/ ཆུ /tɕʰu/ ཆུ /tɕʰu/
Fire མེ /me/ མེ /me/ མེ /me/ མེ /me/ མེ /me/ མེ /me/ མེ /me/
Sun ཉི་མ /ɲima/ ཉི་མ /ɲima/ ཉི་མ /ɲima/ ཉི་མ /ɲima/ ཉི་མ /ɲima/ ཉི་མ /ɲima/ ཉི་མ /ɲima/
Moon ཟླ་བ /dawa/ ཟླ་བ /dawa/ ཟླ་བ /dawa/ ཟླ་བ /dawa/ ཟླ་བ /dawa/ ཟླ་བ /zlawa/ ཟླ་བ /dawa/
Mother ཨ་མ /ama/ ཨ་མ /ama/ ཨ་མ /ama/ ཨ་མ /ama/ ཨ་མ /ama/ ཨ་མ /ama/ ཨ་མ /ama/
Father ཡབ /jab/ ཨ་ཕ /apʰa/ /pʰa/ ཨ་ཕ /apʰa/ ཨ་པ /apa/ ཨ་པ /apa/ ཨ་པ /apa/
Eat བཟའ /sa/ /za/ བཟའ /za/ /za/ /za/ /za/ /za/
Drink འཐུང /tʰuŋ/ འཐུང་ /tʰuŋ/ འཐུང /tʰuŋ/ ཐུང་ /tʰuŋ/ འཐུང /tʰuŋ/ འཐུང /tʰuŋ/ འཐུང /tʰuŋ/
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