Tupinambá / Nhe'engatú

Tupinambá

Tupian (Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup III) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyTupian (Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup III) SpeakersExtinct (~1700s as L1; basis of Língua Geral / Nheengatu) ScriptLatin (Jesuit orthography established by Anchieta, 1595) CountriesBrazil (historical — Atlantic coast from Pernambuco to São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro) Official inNo (historical lingua franca of colonial Brazil) ISO 639-3tpn Glottocodetupi1273

Tupinambá (Old Tupi) was the dominant indigenous language of the Brazilian coast at European contact and the basis of the Jesuit Língua Geral that served as Brazil's colonial lingua franca into the 18th century. Typologically Tupi-Guarani: agglutinative, head-marking, with active-stative alignment and pervasive nasal harmony; its first grammar (Anchieta, 1595) is the earliest description of any South American language. It survives lexically in thousands of Brazilian Portuguese loanwords and place-names (Ipanema, Paraná, jaguar, piranha).

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Tupinambá

Water

'y

/ʔɨ/

Fire

tatá

/taˈta/

Sun

kuarasy

/kwaɾaˈsɨ/

Moon

iasy

/jaˈsɨ/

Star

jasytata

/jasɨtaˈta/

Mother

sy

/sɨ/

Father

tuba

/ˈtuβa/

I

ixé

/iˈʃɛ/

You

endé

/ẽˈdɛ/

Name

tera

/ˈtɛra/

Eye

t-esá

/teˈsa/

Hand

/po/

Heart

nhe'ã

/ɲẽˈʔã/

Love

aûsub

/aˈwsuβ/

Tree

yby'rá

/ɨβɨˈɾa/

House

oka

/ˈoka/

Dog

îagûara

/jaˈɣwaɾa/

Cat

marakaîá

/maɾakaˈja/

Eat

'u

/ʔu/

Drink

'u

/ʔu/

One

oîepé

/ojeˈpe/

Two

mokõi

/moˈkõj/

Hello

ereîubé

/eɾejuˈβe/

Thank you

/—/

Good

katu

/kaˈtu/

Cuckoo

anũ

/ãˈnũ/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Tupian (Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup III) languages

Meaning TupinambáNheengatuGuaraníMbyá GuaraníGreekXavanteMakasae
Water 'y /ʔɨ/ ig /iɡ/ y /ɨ/ y /ɨ/ νερό /neˈɾo/ a'ri /aʔɾi/ ira /ˈira/
Fire tatá /taˈta/ tatá /tata/ tata /tata/ tata /ta.ˈta/ φωτιά /foˈtʲa/ tsadã /tsaˈdɐ̃/ ata /ˈata/
Sun kuarasy /kwaɾaˈsɨ/ kuarasi /kwaɾasi/ kuarahy /kwaɾahɨ/ nhamandu /ɲã.mɑ̃.ˈdu/ ήλιος /ˈiʎos/ marã /maˈɾɐ̃/ watu /ˈwatu/
Moon iasy /jaˈsɨ/ yasi /jasi/ jasy /dʒasɨ/ jaxy /ʒa.ˈʃɨ/ φεγγάρι /feˈŋɡaɾi/ damã /daˈmɐ̃/ uru /ˈuru/
Star jasytata /jasɨtaˈta/ yasytatá /jasɨtaˈta/ mbyja /mbɨˈdʒa/ jaxy tata /dʒaʃɨ taˈta/ αστέρι /aˈsteri/ wasi /waˈsi/ ipi /ipi/
Mother sy /sɨ/ mãi /mãi/ sy /sɨ/ sy /ˈsɨ/ μητέρα /miˈteɾa/ atéze /aˈteze/ ina /ˈina/
Father tuba /ˈtuβa/ paiá /paja/ túva /tuva/ tupa /ˈtu.pa/ πατέρας /paˈteɾas/ adzé /aˈdze/ baba /ˈbaba/
I ixé /iˈʃɛ/ ixé /iˈʃe/ che /ʃe/ xee /ʃeː/ εγώ /eˈɣo/ wa /wa/ ani /ani/
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