थुलुङ
Thulung
Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman, Kiranti, Western)
Thulung is a Western Kiranti Sino-Tibetan language of the Solu-Khumbu and adjoining districts of eastern Nepal. The Thulung Rai are one of the constituent ethnolinguistic groups of the Kiranti (Rai) macrocluster, which forms a major component of Nepal's indigenous (Adivasi-Janajati) population. Allen (1975) "Sketch of Thulung Grammar" was the first systematic linguistic study; Lahaussois (2002) is the modern reference. Distinguished by complex polypersonal verb agreement and rich grammatical evidentiality.
Where it is spoken
20 core words in Thulung
Water
भु
/bʱu/
Fire
मे
/me/
Sun
नाम
/nam/
Moon
लामी
/lami/
Mother
मामा
/mama/
Father
पापा
/papa/
Eat
च-
/tʃa/
Drink
तुङ-
/tʰuŋ/
Love
सेय्यु
/sejːu/
Heart
सीक
/siːk/
Tree
सीङ
/siːŋ/
House
खिम
/kʰim/
Dog
ख्ली
/kʰliː/
Cat
पुसी
/pusi/
Hand
गुर
/ɡur/
Eye
मिक
/mik/
Hello
नमस्ते
/nəməste/
Thank you
धन्यवाद
/dʱənjəbaːd/
One
कोङ
/koŋ/
Good
नुम्स
/nums/
Sources
Words compared
Compared with related Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman, Kiranti, Western) languages
| Meaning | Thulung | Ladakhi | Limbu | Kurtöp | Sikkimese | Khams Tibetan | Balti |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | भु /bʱu/ | ཆུ /tɕʰu/ | ᤇᤘᤠ /tʃʰwaː/ | khwe /kʰwe/ | ཆུ /tɕʰu/ | ཆུ /tɕʰu/ | ཆུ /tɕʰu/ |
| Fire | मे /me/ | མེ /me/ | ᤔᤡ /mi/ | mi /mi/ | མེ /me/ | མེ /me/ | མེ /me/ |
| Sun | नाम /nam/ | ཉི་མ /ɲima/ | ᤊᤠᤶᤑ /ɲaːmpʰʌ/ | ningpe /niŋpe/ | ཉི་མ /ɲima/ | ཉི་མ /ɲima/ | ཉི་མ /ɲima/ |
| Moon | लामी /lami/ | ཟླ་བ /zlawa/ | ᤗᤠᤒᤠ /laːba/ | lai /lai/ | ཟླ་བ /dawa/ | ཟླ་བ /dawa/ | ཟླ་བ /dawa/ |
| Mother | मामा /mama/ | ཨ་མ /ama/ | ᤔᤠᤔᤠ /aːmaː/ | amai /amai/ | ཨ་མ /ama/ | ཨ་མ /ama/ | ཨ་མ /ama/ |
| Father | पापा /papa/ | ཨ་པ /apa/ | ᤀᤠᤒᤠ /aːbaː/ | apai /apai/ | ཨ་པ /apa/ | ཨ་ཕ /apʰa/ | ཨ་ཕ /apʰa/ |
| Eat | च- /tʃa/ | ཟ /za/ | ᤆᤠᤔᤠ /tʃaːmaː/ | za /za/ | ཟ /za/ | ཟ /za/ | ཟ /za/ |
| Drink | तुङ- /tʰuŋ/ | འཐུང /tʰuŋ/ | ᤌᤢᤴᤔᤠ /tʰuŋmaː/ | thung /tʰuŋ/ | འཐུང /tʰuŋ/ | འཐུང་ /tʰuŋ/ | ཐུང་ /tʰuŋ/ |
| Love | सेय्यु /sejːu/ | དགའ /ɡa/ | ᤔᤡᤌᤡ /mitʰi/ | ga /ɡa/ | དགའ /ɡa/ | དགའ་པོ /ɡapo/ | དགའ་བ /ɡaba/ |
| Heart | सीक /siːk/ | སྙིང /ɲiŋ/ | ᤛᤡᤰ /sik/ | nying /ɲiŋ/ | སྙིང /ɲiŋ/ | སྙིང་ /ɲiŋ/ | སྙིང /ɲiŋ/ |
| Tree | सीङ /siːŋ/ | ཤིང /ʃiŋ/ | ᤛᤡᤱ /siŋ/ | shing /ɕiŋ/ | ཤིང /ɕiŋ/ | ཤིང་ /ɕiŋ/ | ཤིང /ɕiŋ/ |
| House | खिम /kʰim/ | ཁང་པ /kʰaŋpa/ | ᤜᤡᤶ /him/ | khim /kʰim/ | ཁྱིམ /tɕim/ | ཁང་པ /kʰaŋpa/ | ཁང་པ /kʰaŋpa/ |
| Dog | ख्ली /kʰliː/ | ཁྱི /kʰi/ | ᤁᤣᤳᤇᤡ /keptʃi/ | khwi /kʰwi/ | ཁྱི /tɕʰi/ | ཁྱི /kʰi/ | ཁྱི /kʰi/ |
| Cat | पुसी /pusi/ | བྱི་ལ /pila/ | ᤐᤡᤛᤡ /pisi/ | byila /bila/ | ཞི་མི /ʑimi/ | ཞི་མི /ʑimi/ | བྱི་ལ /bjila/ |
| Hand | गुर /ɡur/ | ལག་པ /lakpa/ | ᤜᤢᤰ /huk/ | lak /lak/ | ལག /lak/ | ལག་པ /lakpa/ | ལག་པ /lakpa/ |
| Eye | मिक /mik/ | མིག /mik/ | ᤔᤡᤰ /mik/ | mik /mik/ | མིག /mik/ | མིག /mik/ | མིག /mik/ |
| Hello | नमस्ते /nəməste/ | ཇུ་ལེ /dʑule/ | ᤐᤣᤜᤢᤙᤣ /peːhuːje/ | kuzu zangpo /kuzu zaŋpo/ | ཁམས་བཟང /kʰamsaŋ/ | ཨ་རོ /aro/ | ཨ་སི་ལམ /asilam/ |
| Thank you | धन्यवाद /dʱənjəbaːd/ | ཐུགས་རྗེ་ཆེ /tʰuktɕetɕʰe/ | ᤐᤡᤍᤠᤱ /pidaːŋ/ | kadrinche /kadrintɕe/ | ཐུགས་རྗེ་ཆེ /tʰuktɕetɕe/ | ཐུགས་རྗེ་ཆེ /tʰukdʑe tɕʰe/ | བཀའ་དྲིན་ཆེ /kadrintɕʰe/ |
| One | कोङ /koŋ/ | གཅིག /tɕik/ | ᤌᤡᤰ /tʰik/ | thê /tʰe/ | གཅིག /tɕik/ | གཅིག /tɕik/ | གཅིག /tɕik/ |
| Good | नुम्स /nums/ | ཡག་པོ /jakpo/ | ᤏᤢᤒᤠ /nuba/ | lekpo /lekpo/ | ལེགས་པོ /lekpo/ | ཡག་པོ /jakpo/ | ཡག་པོ /jakpo/ |
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