دری

Dari

Indo-European (Iranian, Western, Persian)

FamilyIndo-European (Iranian, Western, Persian) Speakers~13M ScriptPerso-Arabic CountriesAfghanistan (official; lingua franca) Official inAfghanistan (official, alongside Pashto) Vitalitysafe ISO 639-3prs

Dari (دری, "courtly") is the Eastern Persian variety spoken across Afghanistan as the country's lingua franca and one of two official languages alongside Pashto, with ~15M L1 speakers and an additional ~50% of the Afghan population using it as L2. Dari preserves classical Persian vowel distinctions ē/ī (مير mēr "village chief" vs. مير mīr) and ō/ū (شور šōr "salty" vs. شور šūr "tumult") that merged in Iranian Persian (fa). Vocabulary diverges through preserved older terms (پشک for "cat", where Iranian Persian uses گربه) and Pashto/Turkic loans. Mutually intelligible with Iranian Persian and Tajik (tg) at high register, but daily speech reveals clear regional identity. Written in the Perso-Arabic Nastaliq style (identical alphabet to Iranian Persian, distinct calligraphic preferences). Formal register vs. Tajik's Cyrillic-written Soviet-era variety preserves the classical Persian literary tradition.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Dari

Water

آب

/ɑːb/

Fire

آتش

/ɑːtaʃ/

Sun

خورشید

/xoɾʃed/

Moon

ماه

/mɑːh/

Mother

مادر

/mɑːdaɾ/

Father

پدر

/padaɾ/

Eat

خوردن

/xoɾdan/

Drink

نوشیدن

/noʃidan/

Love

عشق

/eʃq/

Heart

دل

/dil/

Tree

درخت

/daɾaxt/

House

خانه

/xɑːna/

Dog

سگ

/saɡ/

Cat

پشک

/puʃak/

Hand

دست

/dast/

Eye

چشم

/t͡ʃaʃm/

Hello

سلام

/salɑːm/

Thank you

تشکر

/taʃakkoɾ/

One

یک

/jak/

Good

خوب

/xob/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Indo-European (Iranian, Western, Persian) languages

Meaning DariHazaragiPersian (Classical)TajikJudeo-PersianPersianMiddle Persian (Pahlavi)
Water آب /ɑːb/ آو /ɑːw/ آب /aːb/ об /ob/ אב /ɒːb/ آب /ɒːb/ 𐭠𐭯 /aːb/
Fire آتش /ɑːtaʃ/ آتش /ɑːtaʃ/ آتش /aːtaʃ/ оташ /otaʃ/ אתש /ɒːteʃ/ آتش /ɒːteʃ/ 𐭠𐭲𐭱 /aːtaʃ/
Sun خورشید /xoɾʃed/ آفتو /ɑːftow/ خورشید /xʷarʃeːd/ офтоб /oftob/ חורשיד /xorʃiːd/ خورشید /xorʃiːd/ 𐭧𐭥𐭫𐭱𐭩𐭲 /xwarʃeːd/
Moon ماه /mɑːh/ مه /maː/ ماه /maːh/ моҳ /moh/ מאה /mɒːh/ ماه /mɒːh/ 𐭬𐭠𐭧 /maːh/
Mother مادر /mɑːdaɾ/ آبه /ɑːba/ مادر /maːdar/ модар /modar/ מאדר /mɒːdær/ مادر /mɒːdær/ 𐭬𐭠𐭲𐭫 /maːdar/
Father پدر /padaɾ/ آته /ɑːta/ پدر /pidar/ падар /padar/ פדר /pedær/ پدر /pedær/ 𐭯𐭩𐭲𐭫 /pidar/
Eat خوردن /xoɾdan/ خوردو /xoɾdoː/ خوردن /xʷurdan/ хӯрдан /xʉːrdan/ חורדן /xordæn/ خوردن /xordæn/ 𐭧𐭥𐭫𐭲𐭭 /xwardan/
Drink نوشیدن /noʃidan/ نوشیدو /noʃidoː/ آشامیدن /aːʃaːmiːdan/ нӯшидан /nʉːʃidan/ נושידן /nuːʃidæn/ نوشیدن /nuːʃiːdæn/ 𐭭𐭥𐭱𐭩𐭲𐭭 /noːʃiːdan/
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