دری

Dari

Indo-European (Iranian, Western, Persian)

FamilyIndo-European (Iranian, Western, Persian) Speakers~13M ScriptPerso-Arabic CountriesAfghanistan (official; lingua franca) Official inAfghanistan (official, alongside Pashto) Vitalitysafe ISO 639-3prs

Dari (دری, "courtly") is the Eastern Persian variety spoken across Afghanistan as the country's lingua franca and one of two official languages alongside Pashto, with ~15M L1 speakers and an additional ~50% of the Afghan population using it as L2. Dari preserves classical Persian vowel distinctions ē/ī (مير mēr "village chief" vs. مير mīr) and ō/ū (شور šōr "salty" vs. شور šūr "tumult") that merged in Iranian Persian (fa). Vocabulary diverges through preserved older terms (پشک for "cat", where Iranian Persian uses گربه) and Pashto/Turkic loans. Mutually intelligible with Iranian Persian and Tajik (tg) at high register, but daily speech reveals clear regional identity. Written in the Perso-Arabic Nastaliq style (identical alphabet to Iranian Persian, distinct calligraphic preferences). Formal register vs. Tajik's Cyrillic-written Soviet-era variety preserves the classical Persian literary tradition.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Dari

Water

آب

/ɑːb/

Fire

آتش

/ɑːtaʃ/

Sun

خورشید

/xoɾʃed/

Moon

ماه

/mɑːh/

Star

ستاره

/setaːˈɾa/

Mother

مادر

/mɑːdaɾ/

Father

پدر

/padaɾ/

I

من

/man/

You

تو

/to/

Name

نام

/naːm/

Eye

چشم

/tʃaʃm/

Hand

دست

/dast/

Heart

دل

/dil/

Love

عشق

/eʃq/

Tree

درخت

/daɾaxt/

House

خانه

/xɑːna/

Dog

سگ

/saɡ/

Cat

پشک

/puʃak/

Eat

خوردن

/xoɾdan/

Drink

نوشیدن

/noʃidan/

One

یک

/jak/

Two

دو

/du/

Hello

سلام

/salɑːm/

Thank you

تشکر

/taʃakkoɾ/

Good

خوب

/xob/

Cuckoo

کوکو

/kuːˈkuː/

Computer

کمپیوتر

/kampjuːtar/

Sushi

سوشی

/suːʃi/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Indo-European (Iranian, Western, Persian) languages

Meaning DariHazaragiPersianTajikPersian (Classical)Judeo-PersianMiddle Persian (Pahlavi)
Water آب /ɑːb/ آو /ɑːw/ آب /ɒːb/ об /ob/ آب /aːb/ אב /ɒːb/ 𐭠𐭯 /aːb/
Fire آتش /ɑːtaʃ/ آتش /ɑːtaʃ/ آتش /ɒːtæʃ/ оташ /otaʃ/ آتش /aːtaʃ/ אתש /ɒːteʃ/ 𐭠𐭲𐭱 /aːtaʃ/
Sun خورشید /xoɾʃed/ آفتو /ɑːftow/ خورشید /xorʃiːd/ офтоб /oftob/ خورشید /xʷarʃeːd/ חורשיד /xorʃiːd/ 𐭧𐭥𐭫𐭱𐭩𐭲 /xwarʃeːd/
Moon ماه /mɑːh/ مه /maː/ ماه /mɒːh/ моҳ /moh/ ماه /maːh/ מאה /mɒːh/ 𐭬𐭠𐭧 /maːh/
Star ستاره /setaːˈɾa/ ستاره /sitɑra/ ستاره /setɒːˈɾe/ ситора /sitoːra/ ستاره /sitaːra/ סתארה /setɒre/ 𐭮𐭲𐭠𐭫𐭪 /staːrag/
Mother مادر /mɑːdaɾ/ آبه /ɑːba/ مادر /mɒːdær/ модар /modar/ مادر /maːdar/ מאדר /mɒːdær/ 𐭬𐭠𐭲𐭫 /maːdar/
Father پدر /padaɾ/ آته /ɑːta/ پدر /pedær/ падар /padar/ پدر /pidar/ פדר /pedær/ 𐭯𐭩𐭲𐭫 /pidar/
I من /man/ مه /ma/ من /man/ ман /man/ من /man/ מן /man/ 𐭠𐭭 /an/
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