𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭪

Middle Persian (Pahlavi)

Indo-European (Iranian, Middle, Southwestern) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyIndo-European (Iranian, Middle, Southwestern) SpeakersExtinct as L1; Zoroastrian liturgical use ScriptPahlavi script (Inscriptional and Book varieties) CountriesSasanian Empire (Iran, Iraq, parts of Central Asia) Official inSasanian Empire (224-651 CE) Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3pal

Middle Persian (Pahlavi, پارسیگ) was the official language of the Sasanian Empire (224-651 CE) and the bridge between Old Persian and Modern Persian (New Persian/Farsi). After the Arab conquest, it remained the liturgical and scholarly language of Zoroastrian communities in Iran and India (Parsis). The Pahlavi script is a logographic-and-Aramaic-derived system notoriously difficult to read because of huzvarishn (Aramaic heterograms read as Persian words). Major texts include the Denkard, Bundahishn and Zoroastrian Pahlavi commentaries.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Middle Persian (Pahlavi)

Water

𐭠𐭯

/aːb/

Fire

𐭠𐭲𐭱

/aːtaʃ/

Sun

𐭧𐭥𐭫𐭱𐭩𐭲

/xwarʃeːd/

Moon

𐭬𐭠𐭧

/maːh/

Mother

𐭬𐭠𐭲𐭫

/maːdar/

Father

𐭯𐭩𐭲𐭫

/pidar/

Eat

𐭧𐭥𐭫𐭲𐭭

/xwardan/

Drink

𐭭𐭥𐭱𐭩𐭲𐭭

/noːʃiːdan/

Love

𐭲𐭥𐭱𐭩

/doːʃiː/

Heart

𐭣𐭩𐭫

/dil/

Tree

𐭣𐭫𐭧𐭲

/draxt/

House

𐭧𐭠𐭭𐭪

/xaːnaɡ/

Dog

𐭮𐭢

/saɡ/

Cat

𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭡𐭢

/ɡurbaɡ/

Hand

𐭣𐭮𐭲

/dast/

Eye

𐭰𐭱𐭬

/tʃaʃm/

Hello

𐭣𐭫𐭥𐭲

/droːd/

Thank you

𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭮

/spaːs/

One

𐭠𐭩𐭪

/eːk/

Good

𐭥𐭩𐭧

/weh/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Indo-European (Iranian, Middle, Southwestern) languages

Meaning Middle Persian (Pahlavi)Persian (Classical)ParthianDariPersianSogdianTajik
Water 𐭠𐭯 /aːb/ آب /aːb/ āb /aːb/ آب /ɑːb/ آب /ɒːb/ ʾāp /aːp/ об /ob/
Fire 𐭠𐭲𐭱 /aːtaʃ/ آتش /aːtaʃ/ ādar /aːdar/ آتش /ɑːtaʃ/ آتش /ɒːteʃ/ ʾātar /aːtar/ оташ /otaʃ/
Sun 𐭧𐭥𐭫𐭱𐭩𐭲 /xwarʃeːd/ خورشید /xʷarʃeːd/ xwar /xwar/ خورشید /xoɾʃed/ خورشید /xorʃiːd/ xwr /xwar/ офтоб /oftob/
Moon 𐭬𐭠𐭧 /maːh/ ماه /maːh/ māh /maːh/ ماه /mɑːh/ ماه /mɒːh/ mʾx /maːx/ моҳ /moh/
Mother 𐭬𐭠𐭲𐭫 /maːdar/ مادر /maːdar/ mād /maːd/ مادر /mɑːdaɾ/ مادر /mɒːdær/ mʾtr /maːtar/ модар /modar/
Father 𐭯𐭩𐭲𐭫 /pidar/ پدر /pidar/ pid /pid/ پدر /padaɾ/ پدر /pedær/ ptr /pitar/ падар /padar/
Eat 𐭧𐭥𐭫𐭲𐭭 /xwardan/ خوردن /xʷurdan/ xward- /xward/ خوردن /xoɾdan/ خوردن /xordæn/ xwartan /xwartan/ хӯрдан /xʉːrdan/
Drink 𐭭𐭥𐭱𐭩𐭲𐭭 /noːʃiːdan/ آشامیدن /aːʃaːmiːdan/ pī- /piː/ نوشیدن /noʃidan/ نوشیدن /nuːʃiːdæn/ pi- /pi/ нӯшидан /nʉːʃidan/
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