𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭪

Middle Persian (Pahlavi)

Indo-European (Iranian, Middle, Southwestern) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyIndo-European (Iranian, Middle, Southwestern) SpeakersExtinct as L1; Zoroastrian liturgical use ScriptPahlavi script (Inscriptional and Book varieties) CountriesSasanian Empire (Iran, Iraq, parts of Central Asia) Official inSasanian Empire (224-651 CE) Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3pal

Middle Persian (Pahlavi, پارسیگ) was the official language of the Sasanian Empire (224-651 CE) and the bridge between Old Persian and Modern Persian (New Persian/Farsi). After the Arab conquest, it remained the liturgical and scholarly language of Zoroastrian communities in Iran and India (Parsis). The Pahlavi script is a logographic-and-Aramaic-derived system notoriously difficult to read because of huzvarishn (Aramaic heterograms read as Persian words). Major texts include the Denkard, Bundahishn and Zoroastrian Pahlavi commentaries.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Middle Persian (Pahlavi)

Water

𐭠𐭯

/aːb/

Fire

𐭠𐭲𐭱

/aːtaʃ/

Sun

𐭧𐭥𐭫𐭱𐭩𐭲

/xwarʃeːd/

Moon

𐭬𐭠𐭧

/maːh/

Star

𐭮𐭲𐭠𐭫𐭪

/staːrag/

Mother

𐭬𐭠𐭲𐭫

/maːdar/

Father

𐭯𐭩𐭲𐭫

/pidar/

I

𐭠𐭭

/an/

You

𐭲𐭥

/toː/

Name

𐭭𐭠𐭬

/naːm/

Eye

𐭰𐭱𐭬

/tʃaʃm/

Hand

𐭣𐭮𐭲

/dast/

Heart

𐭣𐭩𐭫

/dil/

Love

𐭲𐭥𐭱𐭩

/doːʃiː/

Tree

𐭣𐭫𐭧𐭲

/draxt/

House

𐭧𐭠𐭭𐭪

/xaːnaɡ/

Dog

𐭮𐭢

/saɡ/

Cat

𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭡𐭢

/ɡurbaɡ/

Eat

𐭧𐭥𐭫𐭲𐭭

/xwardan/

Drink

𐭭𐭥𐭱𐭩𐭲𐭭

/noːʃiːdan/

One

𐭠𐭩𐭪

/eːk/

Two

𐭣𐭥

/doː/

Hello

𐭣𐭫𐭥𐭲

/droːd/

Thank you

𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭮

/spaːs/

Good

𐭥𐭩𐭧

/weh/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Indo-European (Iranian, Middle, Southwestern) languages

Meaning Middle Persian (Pahlavi)Persian (Classical)ParthianDariPersianJudeo-PersianTajik
Water 𐭠𐭯 /aːb/ آب /aːb/ āb /aːb/ آب /ɑːb/ آب /ɒːb/ אב /ɒːb/ об /ob/
Fire 𐭠𐭲𐭱 /aːtaʃ/ آتش /aːtaʃ/ ādar /aːdar/ آتش /ɑːtaʃ/ آتش /ɒːtæʃ/ אתש /ɒːteʃ/ оташ /otaʃ/
Sun 𐭧𐭥𐭫𐭱𐭩𐭲 /xwarʃeːd/ خورشید /xʷarʃeːd/ xwar /xwar/ خورشید /xoɾʃed/ خورشید /xorʃiːd/ חורשיד /xorʃiːd/ офтоб /oftob/
Moon 𐭬𐭠𐭧 /maːh/ ماه /maːh/ māh /maːh/ ماه /mɑːh/ ماه /mɒːh/ מאה /mɒːh/ моҳ /moh/
Star 𐭮𐭲𐭠𐭫𐭪 /staːrag/ ستاره /sitaːra/ astārag /asˈtaːraɡ/ ستاره /setaːˈɾa/ ستاره /setɒːˈɾe/ סתארה /setɒre/ ситора /sitoːra/
Mother 𐭬𐭠𐭲𐭫 /maːdar/ مادر /maːdar/ mād /maːd/ مادر /mɑːdaɾ/ مادر /mɒːdær/ מאדר /mɒːdær/ модар /modar/
Father 𐭯𐭩𐭲𐭫 /pidar/ پدر /pidar/ pid /pid/ پدر /padaɾ/ پدر /pedær/ פדר /pedær/ падар /padar/
I 𐭠𐭭 /an/ من /man/ az /az/ من /man/ من /man/ מן /man/ ман /man/
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