Pārthawānīg

Parthian

Indo-European (Iranian, Middle, Northwestern) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyIndo-European (Iranian, Middle, Northwestern) SpeakersExtinct (~250 BCE - 3rd c. CE) ScriptParthian script (Aramaic-derived); also Manichaean script CountriesParthian Empire (Iran, Iraq, Central Asia) Official inParthian/Arsacid Empire (247 BCE - 224 CE) Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3xpr

Parthian was the language of the Parthian Empire (Arsacid dynasty, 247 BCE-224 CE) and a major Middle Iranian language alongside Middle Persian (Pahlavi). It used the Parthian script (a development of Imperial Aramaic) and later the Manichaean script in Manichaean Parthian texts from Central Asia. After the Sasanian dynasty took power in 224 CE, Parthian was gradually replaced by Pahlavi in administration but survived in Manichaean liturgy in Sogdiana and Turfan into the 9th c. Modern Kurdish, Balochi and Caspian languages descend from Northwestern Middle Iranian relatives.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Parthian

Water

āb

/aːb/

Fire

ādar

/aːdar/

Sun

xwar

/xwar/

Moon

māh

/maːh/

Mother

mād

/maːd/

Father

pid

/pid/

Eat

xward-

/xward/

Drink

pī-

/piː/

Love

friyādan

/frijaːdan/

Heart

zyrd

/zird/

Tree

dār

/daːr/

House

xānag

/xaːnaɡ/

Dog

spag

/spaɡ/

Cat

/—/

Hand

dast

/dast/

Eye

čašm

/tʃaʃm/

Hello

drōd

/droːd/

Thank you

spās

/spaːs/

One

ēw

/eːw/

Good

nēw

/neːw/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Indo-European (Iranian, Middle, Northwestern) languages

Meaning ParthianMiddle Persian (Pahlavi)SogdianPersian (Classical)Old PersianAvestanScythian
Water āb /aːb/ 𐭠𐭯 /aːb/ ʾāp /aːp/ آب /aːb/ 𐎠𐎱 /aːpi/ 𐬁𐬞 /aːp/ ap /ap/
Fire ādar /aːdar/ 𐭠𐭲𐭱 /aːtaʃ/ ʾātar /aːtar/ آتش /aːtaʃ/ 𐎠𐎫𐎼 /aːtar/ 𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭 /aːtar/ ātar /aːtar/
Sun xwar /xwar/ 𐭧𐭥𐭫𐭱𐭩𐭲 /xwarʃeːd/ xwr /xwar/ خورشید /xʷarʃeːd/ 𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎼 /huwar/ 𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 /huwarə/ hvar /xʷar/
Moon māh /maːh/ 𐭬𐭠𐭧 /maːh/ mʾx /maːx/ ماه /maːh/ 𐎶𐎠𐏃 /maːha/ 𐬨𐬁𐬵 /maːh/ māh /maːh/
Mother mād /maːd/ 𐭬𐭠𐭲𐭫 /maːdar/ mʾtr /maːtar/ مادر /maːdar/ 𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎼 /maːtar/ 𐬨𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭 /maːtar/ mātar /maːtar/
Father pid /pid/ 𐭯𐭩𐭲𐭫 /pidar/ ptr /pitar/ پدر /pidar/ 𐎱𐎡𐎫𐎠 /pitaː/ 𐬞𐬌𐬙𐬀𐬭 /pitar/ pitar /pitar/
Eat xward- /xward/ 𐭧𐭥𐭫𐭲𐭭 /xwardan/ xwartan /xwartan/ خوردن /xʷurdan/ 𐎧𐎼 /xar/ 𐬑𐬬𐬀𐬭 /xwar/ xwartan /xʷartan/
Drink pī- /piː/ 𐭭𐭥𐭱𐭩𐭲𐭭 /noːʃiːdan/ pi- /pi/ آشامیدن /aːʃaːmiːdan/ 𐎱𐎠 /paː/ 𐬞𐬁 /paː/ /—/
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