Chavacano

Spanish-based creole

FamilySpanish-based creole Speakers~700K ScriptLatin CountriesPhilippines Official inNo (Filipino and English are official; Chavacano is an auxiliary regional language in Zamboanga) Vitalitysafe ISO 639-3cbk

Chavacano (also Chabacano, "broken Spanish") refers to the family of Spanish-based creole varieties of the Philippines, of which Zamboangueño is by far the largest and most vital. Spanish lexical superstrate (~85%) overlays Hiligaynon, Cebuano, and Tagalog grammatical and prosodic substrate, producing distinctive features: SVO order (vs. Philippine VSO/VOS), no Spanish noun-verb agreement, plural marker "manga" (from Tagalog mga), perfective "ya" / future "ay" / progressive "ta" preverbal aspect markers. Chavacano is the only surviving Spanish-based creole in Asia (others — Ternateño, Caviteño — are nearly extinct). Major literary tradition since the 19th century, including newspaper El Tiempo de Zamboanga.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Chavacano

Water

agua

/ˈaɡwa/

Fire

fuego

/ˈfweɡo/

Sun

sol

/sol/

Moon

luna

/ˈluna/

Star

estrella

/esˈtɾeja/

Mother

nana

/ˈnana/

Father

tata

/ˈtata/

I

yo

/jo/

You

tu

/tu/

Name

nombre

/ˈnombɾe/

Eye

ojo

/ˈoho/

Hand

mano

/ˈmano/

Heart

corazón

/koraˈson/

Love

ama

/ˈama/

Tree

árbol

/ˈaɾbol/

House

casa

/ˈkasa/

Dog

perro

/ˈpeɾo/

Cat

gato

/ˈɡato/

Eat

come

/koˈme/

Drink

bebe

/beˈbe/

One

uno

/ˈuno/

Two

dos

/dos/

Hello

buenas

/ˈbwenas/

Thank you

gracias

/ˈɡɾasjas/

Good

bueno

/ˈbweno/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Spanish-based creole languages

Meaning ChavacanoSpanishGolden Age Spanish (Siglo de Oro)Paraguayan SpanishOld SpanishExtremaduranAragonese
Water agua /ˈaɡwa/ agua /ˈaɣwa/ agua /ˈaɣwa/ agua /ˈaɣwa/ agua /ˈaɣwa/ agua /ˈaɣwa/ augua /ˈawɡwa/
Fire fuego /ˈfweɡo/ fuego /ˈfweɣo/ fuego /ˈfweɣo/ fuego /ˈfweɣo/ fuego /ˈfweɣo/ huegu /ˈweɣu/ fuego /ˈfweɣo/
Sun sol /sol/ sol /sol/ sol /sol/ sol /ˈsol/ sol /sol/ sol /sɔl/ sol /sol/
Moon luna /ˈluna/ luna /ˈluna/ luna /ˈluna/ luna /ˈluna/ luna /ˈluna/ luna /ˈluna/ luna /ˈluna/
Star estrella /esˈtɾeja/ estrella /esˈtɾeʎa/ estrella /esˈtɾeʎa/ estrella /esˈtɾeʝa/ estrella /esˈtɾeʎa/ estrella /ehˈtɾeʎa/ estrela /esˈtɾela/
Mother nana /ˈnana/ madre /ˈmaðɾe/ madre /ˈmadɾe/ madre /ˈmaðɾe/ madre /ˈmaðre/ mai /mai/ mai /maj/
Father tata /ˈtata/ padre /ˈpaðɾe/ padre /ˈpadɾe/ padre /ˈpaðɾe/ padre /ˈpaðre/ pairi /ˈpajɾi/ pai /paj/
I yo /jo/ yo /ʝo/ yo /ʝo/ yo /ʝo/ yo /jo/ yo /ʝo/ yo /ʝo/
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