古代韓國語

Old Korean (Silla)

Koreanic · historical / hidden variety

FamilyKoreanic SpeakersExtinct (~7-10c. CE — Silla unified Korea) ScriptHyangchal (Chinese characters used semantically + phonetically); Idu CountriesAncient Korea (Silla kingdom) Official inSilla court Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3oko

Old Korean is the earliest documented stage of Korean, attested via the 25 hyangga (郷歌) poems preserved in Samguk Yusa (1281) and Gyunyeo's biography (1075), plus place/personal names and idu records in Samguk Sagi. Most lexical reconstruction is anchored to the Silla period; reconstructions follow Lee KM (1993, 2003), Sohn (1999), and Whitman (2015).

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Old Korean (Silla)

Water

/*muɾu/

Fire

/*puɾk/

Sun

/*hai/

Moon

/*tʌɾh/

Mother

阿米

/*əmi/

Father

阿比

/*əpi/

Eat

/*məkta/

Drink

/*maɕita/

Love

思良

/*sjaɾaŋ/

Heart

心音

/*məsʌm/

Tree

那木

/*namok/

House

/*tɕip/

Dog

加伊

/*kahi/

Cat

/—/

Hand

/*son/

Eye

/*nun/

Hello

/—/

Thank you

/—/

One

一等

/*hʌnah/

Good

/*tjoh/

Words compared

Compared with related Koreanic languages

Meaning Old Korean (Silla)Goryeo KoreanMiddle KoreanKorean (Early Modern)Old ChineseKoreanKorean (Busan)
Water /*muɾu/ /*mwol/ /mɯl/ /mɯl/ /*s.turʔ/ /mul/ /mul/
Fire /*puɾk/ /*pwol/ /pɯl/ /pɯl/ /*qʷʰəjʔ/ /pul/ /pul/
Sun /*hai/ /*hai/ ·ᄒᆡ /hʌj/ ᄒᆡ /hʌj/ /*C.nik/ /hɛ/ /hɛ/
Moon /*tʌɾh/ /*twol/ ᄃᆞᆯ /tʌl/ /tal/ /*ŋʷat/ /tal/ /tal/
Mother 阿米 /*əmi/ /—/ 어미 /ʌmi/ 어미 /ʌmi/ /*məʔ/ 어머니 /ʌmʌni/ 엄마 /ʌmma/
Father 阿比 /*əpi/ /—/ 아비 /abi/ 아비 /abi/ /*paʔ/ 아버지 /abʌd͡ʑi/ 아부지 /abud͡ʑi/
Eat /*məkta/ /—/ 먹다 /mʌk̚.ta/ 먹다 /mʌk̚t͈a/ /*mə.lək/ 먹다 /mʌk̚t͈a/ 묵어 /muɡʌ/
Drink /*maɕita/ /—/ 마시다 /maɕi.ta/ 마시다 /maɕida/ /*qrəmʔ/ 마시다 /maɕida/ 마셔 /maɕjʌ/
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