Jñatjo
Mazahua
Otomanguean
Mazahua (autonymously Jñatjo, "the people who speak") is an Otomanguean language of the Otomi-Mazahua sub-branch, spoken by around 150,000 people in central Mexico, primarily in the western Estado de México around the Mazahua Sierra and the towns of Jocotitlán, San Felipe del Progreso, and Atlacomulco. The Mazahua are the largest indigenous group in Estado de México (ahead of the related Otomi/Hñähñu), and the language is one of the major Otomanguean languages of central Mexico. Linguistically, Mazahua is closely related to the Otomi varieties (ote, ots, otq), with shared features including tonal contrasts, complex consonant clusters, and verbal morphology. The Mazahua have maintained their indigenous identity through centuries of Aztec and Spanish dominance, with significant 20th-century revitalization through bilingual education programs.
Where it is spoken
31 core words in Mazahua
Water
ndeje
/ndehe/
Fire
sibi
/sibi/
Sun
jiarú
/hjaˈɾu/
Moon
zana
/zana/
Star
seje
/seʔe/
Mother
nana
/nana/
Father
tata
/tata/
I
nuts'ko
/nutsʔko/
You
nutsk'e
/nutskʔe/
Name
chju'u
/tʃũʔũ/
Eye
da
/da/
Hand
ye
/je/
Heart
mŭiñ
/mwiɲ/
Love
hñu
/ɲ̥u/
Tree
za
/za/
House
ngumi
/ŋɡumi/
Dog
nyo
/ɲo/
Cat
mishi
/miʃi/
Eat
ñe
/ɲe/
Drink
theni
/tʰeni/
One
nahi
/nahi/
Two
yeje
/jeʔe/
Hello
kjamadhi
/kjamaði/
Thank you
ndios
/ndios/
Good
nzhomu
/nʒomu/
Sources
Words compared
Compared with related Otomanguean languages
| Meaning | Mazahua | Otomi | Querétaro Otomi | Tlacolula Zapotec | Misak | Bikol Central | Waray |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ndeje /ndehe/ | dehe /tehe/ | dehe /tehe/ | nisi /nisi/ | unø /unø/ | tubig /tubiɡ/ | tubig /tubiɡ/ |
| Fire | sibi /sibi/ | tsibi /tsibi/ | tsibi /tsibi/ | gui /ɡi/ | nipi /nipi/ | kalayo /kalajo/ | kalayo /kalajɔ/ |
| Sun | jiarú /hjaˈɾu/ | hyadi /hjadi/ | hyadi /hjadi/ | gubi /ɡubi/ | shi /ʃi/ | saldang /salˈdaŋ/ | adlaw /ʔadlaw/ |
| Moon | zana /zana/ | zänä /zãnã/ | zänä /zãnã/ | beuu /beːu/ | atru /atɾu/ | bulan /bulan/ | bulan /bulan/ |
| Star | seje /seʔe/ | tsʼe /tsʼe/ | tsʼe /tsʼe/ | béeld /beˀld/ | kualøm /kwalʌm/ | bitoon /bituʔon/ | bitoon /bituʔon/ |
| Mother | nana /nana/ | nänä /nãnã/ | mu /mu/ | xnan /ʃnan/ | mama /mama/ | nanay /nanaj/ | nanay /nanaj/ |
| Father | tata /tata/ | tada /tada/ | dada /dada/ | xtad /ʃtad/ | tata /tata/ | tatay /tataj/ | tatay /tataj/ |
| I | nuts'ko /nutsʔko/ | nugä /nuɡæ/ | nugä /nuɡæ/ | naʼ /naʔ/ | na /na/ | ako /ʔako/ | ako /ʔako/ |
| You | nutsk'e /nutskʔe/ | nuʼi /nuʔi/ | nuʼi /nuʔi/ | liʼ /liʔ/ | ñui /ɲui/ | ika /ʔika/ | ikaw /ʔikaw/ |
| Name | chju'u /tʃũʔũ/ | thuhu /tʰũhũ/ | thuuhu /tʰũːhũ/ | laʼ /laʔ/ | wetø /wetʌ/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ | ngaran /ŋaran/ |
| Eye | da /da/ | da /da/ | da /da/ | slu /slu/ | kab /kab/ | mata /mata/ | mata /mata/ |
| Hand | ye /je/ | 'ye /ʔje/ | 'ye /ʔje/ | na' /naʔ/ | mar /maɾ/ | kamot /kamot/ | kamot /kamɔt/ |
| Heart | mŭiñ /mwiɲ/ | mui /mui/ | mui /mui/ | ladxdoo /ladʒdoː/ | mun /mun/ | puso /puso/ | kasingkasing /kasiŋkasiŋ/ |
| Love | hñu /ɲ̥u/ | mädi /mãdi/ | mädi /mãdi/ | nadxiiebia /nadʒiːebia/ | kausrap /kawsɾap/ | pagkamoot /paɡkamoʔot/ | gugma /ɡuɡma/ |
| Tree | za /za/ | za /za/ | za /za/ | yag /jaɡ/ | yu /ju/ | kahoy /kahoj/ | kahoy /kahɔj/ |
| House | ngumi /ŋɡumi/ | ngu /ŋɡu/ | ngu /ŋɡu/ | yu /ju/ | ya /ja/ | harong /haɾoŋ/ | balay /balaj/ |
| Dog | nyo /ɲo/ | yo /jo/ | yo /jo/ | bicu' /bikuʔ/ | kuchi /kutʃi/ | ayam /ajam/ | ayam /ˈʔajam/ |
| Cat | mishi /miʃi/ | mixi /miʃi/ | mishi /miʃi/ | mishu /miʃu/ | mishi /miʃi/ | ikos /ikos/ | misay /misaj/ |
| Eat | ñe /ɲe/ | ñuni /ɲuni/ | shi /ʃi/ | rau /ɾau/ | mɵ /mɵ/ | kakanon /kakanon/ | kaon /kaʔon/ |
| Drink | theni /tʰeni/ | tsi /tsi/ | tsi /tsi/ | re /ɾe/ | ushi /uʃi/ | inumon /inumon/ | inom /ʔinɔm/ |
| One | nahi /nahi/ | 'ra /ʔɾa/ | 'na /ʔna/ | tubyabi /tubjabi/ | kan /kan/ | saro /saɾo/ | usa /ʔusa/ |
| Two | yeje /jeʔe/ | yoho /joho/ | yoho /joho/ | tyop /tjop/ | pa /pa/ | duwa /duwa/ | duha /duha/ |
| Hello | kjamadhi /kjamaði/ | hatsi /hatsi/ | hä /hã/ | padiux /padiuʃ/ | ma'rik /maʔɾik/ | kumusta /kumusta/ | kumusta /kumusta/ |
| Thank you | ndios /ndios/ | jamädi /hamãdi/ | jamädi /hamãdi/ | xclen lo' /ʃklen loʔ/ | payn /pajn/ | dios mabalos /dios mabalos/ | salamat /salamat/ |
| Good | nzhomu /nʒomu/ | hño /hɲo/ | hño /hɲo/ | nazac /nazak/ | kausrik /kawsɾik/ | marhay /maɾhaj/ | maupay /maʔupaj/ |
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