𑀳𑁆𑀯𑀢𑀦𑀽

Khotanese

Indo-European (Iranian, Middle, Eastern, Saka) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyIndo-European (Iranian, Middle, Eastern, Saka) SpeakersExtinct (~5th-10th c. CE) ScriptKhotanese script (Brahmi-derived, with extra letters for Iranian phonemes) CountriesKhotan (Tarim Basin, modern Xinjiang) Official inBuddhist kingdom of Khotan (~56 BCE-1006 CE, until Karakhanid conquest) Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3kho

Khotanese (also Khotanese Saka) is a Middle Iranian language of the Eastern (Saka) group, attested in extensive Buddhist manuscripts from the kingdom of Khotan on the southern Silk Road (5th-10th c. CE). It is closely related to Tumshuqese (also Saka, attested at nearby Tumshuq) and more distantly to Sogdian and other Eastern Iranian languages. Texts include translations of Mahayana sutras (Suvarṇabhāsa, Saṅghāṭa), the indigenous Book of Zambasta, medical treatises, and Khotan-Tibetan-Khotan glossaries. Like Tocharian, Khotanese disappeared as Turkic peoples (Karakhanids, then Uyghurs) occupied the Tarim Basin from the 11th century, with the Khotanese converting to Islam.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Khotanese

Water

𑀊𑀤𑀸

/uːdaː/

Fire

𑀆𑀢𑀭

/aːtar/

Sun

𑀉𑀭𑁆𑀫

/urma/

Moon

𑀫𑀸𑀲𑁆𑀢

/maːsta/

Mother

𑀫𑀸𑀢

/maːta/

Father

𑀧𑀺𑀢

/pita/

Eat

𑀧𑀭𑀢

/parætæ/

Drink

𑀧𑀻𑀅

/piːa/

Love

𑀅𑀭𑁆𑀭𑀽

/arːuː/

Heart

𑀬𑀲𑀻

/jasiː/

Tree

𑀤𑁆𑀭𑀼

/drːu/

House

𑀩𑁆𑀬𑀸𑀳

/bjaːha/

Dog

𑀰𑀼

/ʂu/

Cat

𑀰𑁆𑀰𑁆𑀭𑀅𑀼

/ʂʂarau/

Hand

𑀤𑀲𑁆𑀢

/dasta/

Eye

𑀘𑁂𑀰𑁆𑀫𑀦𑁆

/tʃʰeʃman/

Hello

𑀤𑁆𑀭𑀽𑀤𑀻

/drːuːdiː/

Thank you

𑀧𑁆𑀬𑀰𑁆𑀢

/pjaʃta/

One

𑀰𑁆𑀰𑀅𑀼

/ɕːau/

Good

𑀯𑀺𑀭𑀢𑁆𑀢

/viratːa/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Indo-European (Iranian, Middle, Eastern, Saka) languages

Meaning KhotaneseParthianSogdianOld PersianMiddle Persian (Pahlavi)AvestanPersian (Classical)
Water 𑀊𑀤𑀸 /uːdaː/ āb /aːb/ ʾāp /aːp/ 𐎠𐎱 /aːpi/ 𐭠𐭯 /aːb/ 𐬁𐬞 /aːp/ آب /aːb/
Fire 𑀆𑀢𑀭 /aːtar/ ādar /aːdar/ ʾātar /aːtar/ 𐎠𐎫𐎼 /aːtar/ 𐭠𐭲𐭱 /aːtaʃ/ 𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭 /aːtar/ آتش /aːtaʃ/
Sun 𑀉𑀭𑁆𑀫 /urma/ xwar /xwar/ xwr /xwar/ 𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎼 /huwar/ 𐭧𐭥𐭫𐭱𐭩𐭲 /xwarʃeːd/ 𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 /huwarə/ خورشید /xʷarʃeːd/
Moon 𑀫𑀸𑀲𑁆𑀢 /maːsta/ māh /maːh/ mʾx /maːx/ 𐎶𐎠𐏃 /maːha/ 𐭬𐭠𐭧 /maːh/ 𐬨𐬁𐬵 /maːh/ ماه /maːh/
Mother 𑀫𑀸𑀢 /maːta/ mād /maːd/ mʾtr /maːtar/ 𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎼 /maːtar/ 𐭬𐭠𐭲𐭫 /maːdar/ 𐬨𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭 /maːtar/ مادر /maːdar/
Father 𑀧𑀺𑀢 /pita/ pid /pid/ ptr /pitar/ 𐎱𐎡𐎫𐎠 /pitaː/ 𐭯𐭩𐭲𐭫 /pidar/ 𐬞𐬌𐬙𐬀𐬭 /pitar/ پدر /pidar/
Eat 𑀧𑀭𑀢 /parætæ/ xward- /xward/ xwartan /xwartan/ 𐎧𐎼 /xar/ 𐭧𐭥𐭫𐭲𐭭 /xwardan/ 𐬑𐬬𐬀𐬭 /xwar/ خوردن /xʷurdan/
Drink 𑀧𑀻𑀅 /piːa/ pī- /piː/ pi- /pi/ 𐎱𐎠 /paː/ 𐭭𐭥𐭱𐭩𐭲𐭭 /noːʃiːdan/ 𐬞𐬁 /paː/ آشامیدن /aːʃaːmiːdan/
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