𐎠𐎼𐎹

Old Persian

Indo-European (Iranian, Old, Southwestern) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyIndo-European (Iranian, Old, Southwestern) SpeakersExtinct (~6th-4th c. BCE; royal Achaemenid) ScriptOld Persian cuneiform (semi-syllabic, invented for the script) CountriesAchaemenid Empire (Iran, parts of West Asia, Central Asia, Egypt) Official inAchaemenid Empire (550-330 BCE) Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3peo

Old Persian was the language of the Achaemenid Persian Empire (550-330 BCE) and the direct ancestor of Middle Persian (Pahlavi) and ultimately Modern Persian. It is attested in royal inscriptions of Darius I, Xerxes and successors (most famously the trilingual Behistun Inscription of c.520 BCE alongside Elamite and Akkadian, the key to deciphering cuneiform). Written in a unique semi-syllabic Old Persian cuneiform of ~36 signs, invented specifically for the script — distinct from the much older Sumerian-Akkadian cuneiform. The corpus is small but linguistically conservative, preserving Indo-European inflection.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Old Persian

Water

𐎠𐎱

/aːpi/

Fire

𐎠𐎫𐎼

/aːtar/

Sun

𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎼

/huwar/

Moon

𐎶𐎠𐏃

/maːha/

Mother

𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎼

/maːtar/

Father

𐎱𐎡𐎫𐎠

/pitaː/

Eat

𐎧𐎼

/xar/

Drink

𐎱𐎠

/paː/

Love

𐎳𐎼𐎡𐎹

/frija/

Heart

𐏀𐎼𐎭

/zard/

Tree

/—/

House

𐎶𐎠𐎴𐎡𐎹

/maːnija/

Dog

𐎿𐎱𐎣

/spaka/

Cat

/—/

Hand

𐎭𐎿𐎫

/dasta/

Eye

𐏂𐏁𐎶𐎴

/tʃaʃman/

Hello

/—/

Thank you

/—/

One

𐎠𐎡𐎺

/aiwa/

Good

𐎴𐎡𐎲

/naiba/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Indo-European (Iranian, Old, Southwestern) languages

Meaning Old PersianAvestanScythianParthianSogdianLuwianKhotanese
Water 𐎠𐎱 /aːpi/ 𐬁𐬞 /aːp/ ap /ap/ āb /aːb/ ʾāp /aːp/ 𔓷𔗬𔖻𔑯 /wadar/ 𑀊𑀤𑀸 /uːdaː/
Fire 𐎠𐎫𐎼 /aːtar/ 𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭 /aːtar/ ātar /aːtar/ ādar /aːdar/ ʾātar /aːtar/ 𔑭𔖖𔖖𔗬 /paːhːur/ 𑀆𑀢𑀭 /aːtar/
Sun 𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎼 /huwar/ 𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 /huwarə/ hvar /xʷar/ xwar /xwar/ xwr /xwar/ 𔖻𔗬𔑯 /tiwad/ 𑀉𑀭𑁆𑀫 /urma/
Moon 𐎶𐎠𐏃 /maːha/ 𐬨𐬁𐬵 /maːh/ māh /maːh/ māh /maːh/ mʾx /maːx/ 𔓯𔗬 /arma/ 𑀫𑀸𑀲𑁆𑀢 /maːsta/
Mother 𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎼 /maːtar/ 𐬨𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭 /maːtar/ mātar /maːtar/ mād /maːd/ mʾtr /maːtar/ 𔑯𔑯 /anna/ 𑀫𑀸𑀢 /maːta/
Father 𐎱𐎡𐎫𐎠 /pitaː/ 𐬞𐬌𐬙𐬀𐬭 /pitar/ pitar /pitar/ pid /pid/ ptr /pitar/ 𔑯𔑯𔗬 /tati/ 𑀧𑀺𑀢 /pita/
Eat 𐎧𐎼 /xar/ 𐬑𐬬𐬀𐬭 /xwar/ xwartan /xʷartan/ xward- /xward/ xwartan /xwartan/ 𔑯𔗬 /ad/ 𑀧𑀭𑀢 /parætæ/
Drink 𐎱𐎠 /paː/ 𐬞𐬁 /paː/ /—/ pī- /piː/ pi- /pi/ 𔑯𔓷 /aku/ 𑀧𑀻𑀅 /piːa/
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