Situ

Situ rGyalrong

Sino-Tibetan (Gyalrongic)

FamilySino-Tibetan (Gyalrongic) Speakers~85–100K ScriptUnwritten in native tradition; uses Latin romanization (Situ Pinyin) f Official inUnrecognized indigenous language of China; not an official language of any state

Situ, also known as Eastern Rgyalrong, is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Rgyalrongic group spoken in northwestern Sichuan, China. It is concentrated in Barkam (Ma'erkang) County and nearby parts of Jinchuan and Li counties, with commonly cited estimates of 35,000–40,000 speakers. Situ comprises several local varieties, including Cogtse and Brag-bar, and dialectological research distinguishes it from the related Japhug, Tshobdun, and Zbu languages. Like other Rgyalrong languages, Situ is polysynthetic and has rich verbal morphology, including person agreement, inverse marking, stem alternations, and directional or associated-motion prefixes.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Situ rGyalrong

Water

tʃʰu

/tʃʰu/

Fire

/mə/

Sun

niʂ

/niʂ/

Moon

zla

/zlɑ/

Star

zgrɯ

/zɡrɯ/

Mother

ma

/mɑ/

Father

/pə/

I

nga

/ŋa/

You

nənjo

/nənɟo/

Name

termi

/tərmi/

Eye

miʂ

/miʂ/

Hand

laʂ

/lɑʂ/

Heart

tʰoŋ

/tʰɔŋ/

Love

nə-ŋɯ

/nə.ŋɯ/

Tree

sin

/sin/

House

kʰoŋ

/kʰɔŋ/

Dog

kʰə

/kʰə/

Cat

tsa

/tsʰɑ/

Eat

mə-za

/mə.zɑ/

Drink

nə-tɕʰə-n

/nə.tɕʰə.n/

One

tʃʰiʂ

/tʃʰiʂ/

Two

kanəs

/kʰanəs/

Hello

ŋ̩

/ŋ̩/

Thank you

ʒo

/ʒɔ/

Good

tʰuŋ

/tʰʊŋ/

Words compared

Compared with related Sino-Tibetan (Gyalrongic) languages

Meaning Situ rGyalrongDrungAmdo TibetanSouthern QiangMruLadakhiKurtöp
Water tʃʰu /tʃʰu/ ʃə /ʃə/ ཆུ་ /tʂʰu/ tʃʰu /tʃʰu/ o /ɔ/ ཆུ /tɕʰu/ khwe /kʰwe/
Fire /mə/ məə /məː/ མེ་ /mɛ/ miː /miː/ mai wa /mɑɪ wɑ/ མེ /me/ mi /mi/
Sun niʂ /niʂ/ /nɯ/ ཉི་མ་ /ɲəmɑ/ ɲit /ɲit/ thum /θum/ ཉི་མ /ɲima/ ningpe /niŋpe/
Moon zla /zlɑ/ məŋ /məŋ/ ཟླ་བ་ /dʐɑwɑ/ ʐwaː /ʐwaː/ la /lə/ ཟླ་བ /zlawa/ lai /lai/
Star zgrɯ /zɡrɯ/ əkɯr /əkɯr/ སྐར་མ /hkarma/ zgɿ /zɡɿ/ kɯr /kɯr/ སྐར་མ /skarma/ karma /karma/
Mother ma /mɑ/ ma /ma/ ཨ་མ་ /ɑ mɑ/ miː /miː/ au /əʔu/ ཨ་མ /ama/ amai /amai/
Father /pə/ pa /pa/ ཕ་ /pʰɑ/ /pə/ pa /pə/ ཨ་པ /apa/ apai /apai/
I nga /ŋa/ nga /ŋa/ /ŋa/ qa /qɑ/ nga /ŋa/ /ŋa/ ngat /ŋat/
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