Tvrung kvt
Drung
Sino-Tibetan (Nungish)
CONFIDENCE ASSESSMENT: Vocabulary data collected from ASJP database (asjp.clld.org), Glottolog, and secondary linguistic sources on Tibeto-Burman phonology. Geographic coordinates (27.741°N, 98.666°E) verified from Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County center. Drung is classified as Sino-Tibetan family, Nungish branch (alongside Rawang and Anong), with 74% lexical similarity to Rawang. Phonological data: 24 initial consonants at 6 articulation points, 7 vowels /i, ε, ə, ɑ, ɔ, ɯ, u/, 3 diphtho [Provisional - limited documentation; readings pending native-speaker verification.]
Where it is spoken
20 core words in Drung
Water
ʃə
/ʃə/
Fire
məə
/məː/
Sun
nɯ
/nɯ/
Moon
məŋ
/məŋ/
Mother
ma
/ma/
Father
pa
/pa/
Eat
ʃə
/ʃə/
Drink
pə
/pə/
Love
ʃit
/ʃit/
Heart
ʃəŋ
/ʃəŋ/
Tree
sim
/sim/
House
im
/im/
Dog
kʰja
/kʰja/
Cat
tsa
/tsʰa/
Hand
kə
/kə/
Eye
mik
/mik/
Hello
ŋeŋ
/ŋeŋ/
Thank you
tʃʰɔ
/tʃʰɔ/
One
tik
/tik/
Good
la
/la/
Words compared
Compared with related Sino-Tibetan (Nungish) languages
| Meaning | Drung | Situ rGyalrong | Dungan | Parauk Wa | Sherpa | Ladakhi | Kurtöp |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | ʃə /ʃə/ | tʃʰu /tʃʰu/ | щүй /ɕy/ | tʃɔː /tʃɔː/ | ཆུ /tɕʰu/ | ཆུ /tɕʰu/ | khwe /kʰwe/ |
| Fire | məə /məː/ | mə /mə/ | хуә /xuə/ | miː /miː/ | མེ /me/ | མེ /me/ | mi /mi/ |
| Sun | nɯ /nɯ/ | niʂ /niʂ/ | жѳтў /ʐɨtʰu/ | waː /waː/ | ཉི་མ /ɲima/ | ཉི་མ /ɲima/ | ningpe /niŋpe/ |
| Moon | məŋ /məŋ/ | zla /zlɑ/ | юә /yə/ | lɔː /lɔː/ | ཟླ་བ /dawa/ | ཟླ་བ /zlawa/ | lai /lai/ |
| Mother | ma /ma/ | ma /mɑ/ | ма /ma/ | maː /maː/ | ཨ་མ /ama/ | ཨ་མ /ama/ | amai /amai/ |
| Father | pa /pa/ | pə /pə/ | ба /pa/ | pʰaː /pʰaː/ | ཨ་པ /apa/ | ཨ་པ /apa/ | apai /apai/ |
| Eat | ʃə /ʃə/ | mə-za /mə.zɑ/ | чы /tʂʰɨ/ | sɛː /sɛː/ | ཟ /za/ | ཟ /za/ | za /za/ |
| Drink | pə /pə/ | nə-tɕʰə-n /nə.tɕʰə.n/ | хә /xə/ | pə /pə/ | འཐུང /tʰuŋ/ | འཐུང /tʰuŋ/ | thung /tʰuŋ/ |
| Love | ʃit /ʃit/ | nə-ŋɯ /nə.ŋɯ/ | ай /ai/ | rəŋ /rəŋ/ | བློ་ཆོ /lotɕʰo/ | དགའ /ɡa/ | ga /ɡa/ |
| Heart | ʃəŋ /ʃəŋ/ | tʰoŋ /tʰɔŋ/ | щин /ɕin/ | sɛɛ /sɛɛ/ | སྙིང /ɲiŋ/ | སྙིང /ɲiŋ/ | nying /ɲiŋ/ |
| Tree | sim /sim/ | sin /sin/ | шў /ʂu/ | tʰɔː /tʰɔː/ | སྡོང་པོ /dompo/ | ཤིང /ʃiŋ/ | shing /ɕiŋ/ |
| House | im /im/ | kʰoŋ /kʰɔŋ/ | фоңзы /faŋ tsɨ/ | miː /miː/ | ནང /naŋ/ | ཁང་པ /kʰaŋpa/ | khim /kʰim/ |
| Dog | kʰja /kʰja/ | kʰə /kʰə/ | гу /ku/ | kʰɔː /kʰɔː/ | ཁྱི /kʰi/ | ཁྱི /kʰi/ | khwi /kʰwi/ |
| Cat | tsa /tsʰa/ | tsa /tsʰɑ/ | мау /mau/ | mɛː /mɛː/ | བྱི་ལ /bila/ | བྱི་ལ /pila/ | byila /bila/ |
| Hand | kə /kə/ | laʂ /lɑʂ/ | шў /ʂəu/ | miːk /miːk/ | ལག་པ /lakpa/ | ལག་པ /lakpa/ | lak /lak/ |
| Eye | mik /mik/ | miʂ /miʂ/ | янҗин /janʐin/ | miːn /miːn/ | མིག /mik/ | མིག /mik/ | mik /mik/ |
| Hello | ŋeŋ /ŋeŋ/ | ŋ̩ /ŋ̩/ | ни хау /ni xau/ | sawʔdiː /sawʔdiː/ | ཏ་ཤེས་ཏེ་ལེ /ʈʰaɕi tɕʰele/ | ཇུ་ལེ /dʑule/ | kuzu zangpo /kuzu zaŋpo/ |
| Thank you | tʃʰɔ /tʃʰɔ/ | ʒo /ʒɔ/ | дуәще /duəɕe/ | tʰɔk /tʰɔk/ | ཐུགས་རྗེ་ཆེ /tʰuktɕetɕʰe/ | ཐུགས་རྗེ་ཆེ /tʰuktɕetɕʰe/ | kadrinche /kadrintɕe/ |
| One | tik /tik/ | tʃʰiʂ /tʃʰiʂ/ | и /i/ | tʃit /tʃit/ | ཅིག /tɕik/ | གཅིག /tɕik/ | thê /tʰe/ |
| Good | la /la/ | tʰuŋ /tʰʊŋ/ | хау /xau˨˦/ | jɔː /jɔː/ | ཡག་པོ /jakpo/ | ཡག་པོ /jakpo/ | lekpo /lekpo/ |
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