臺灣華語

Taiwan Mandarin

Sinitic > Mandarin (Taiwan variety / 中華民國華語)

FamilySinitic > Mandarin (Taiwan variety / 中華民國華語) Speakers約2300万人 (臺灣総人口、第一・第二言語含む) Region臺灣本島・澎湖・金門・馬祖 — 中華民國華語 RomanizationHanyu Pinyin (with Taiwan tone variants) / Bopomofo (注音符號) ReadingTaiwan Mandarin (國語) — Bopomofo + Hanyu Pinyin

Taiwan Mandarin (中華民國華語 / Guoyu) — the prestige Mandarin variety of the Republic of China. Descended from Beijing Mandarin brought by KMT migration in 1949, but reshaped by a heavy Hokkien (Min Nan) substrate plus minor Japanese-era influence. Distinguishing phonological features vs PRC Putonghua: retroflex initials zh-/ch-/sh- frequently weaken to z-/c-/s- in casual speech (textbook standard keeps the distinction); syllabic /-ŋ/ before high vowels may shift -əŋ → -ən; tone 3 has a lighter dip; light tone (輕聲) is much less frequent; some lexical readings differ (e.g. 期 qí in TW vs qī in PRC, 究 in compounds 研究 sometimes yánjiù). Written with Traditional characters. The phonetic system documented in education is Bopomofo (注音符號), used alongside Hanyu Pinyin since the 2009 MOE standard.

Where it is spoken

Han character readings in Taiwan Mandarin

Character Meaning Reading Form IPA
one /i˥˥/
two èr /ɑɻ˥˩/
three sān /san˥˥/
four /sɿ˥˩/
five /u˨˩˦/
six liù /ljou˥˩/
seven /t͡ɕʰi˥˥/
eight /pa˥˥/
nine jiǔ /t͡ɕjou˨˩˦/
ten shí /sz̩˧˥/
sun /z̩˥˩/
moon yuè /ɥe˥˩/
mountain shān /san˥˥/
water shuǐ /sueɪ˨˩˦/
fire huǒ /xuo˨˩˦/
tree /mu˥˩/
soil /tʰu˨˩˦/
sky tiān /tʰjɛn˥˥/
ground /ti˥˩/
sea hǎi /xaɪ˨˩˦/
dragon lóng /luŋ˧˥/
tiger /xu˨˩˦/
dog quǎn /t͡ɕʰɥɛn˨˩˦/
horse /ma˨˩˦/
bird niǎo /njau˨˩˦/
fish /y˧˥/
ox niú /njou˧˥/
sheep yáng /jaŋ˧˥/
cat māo /mau˥˥/
person rén /zən˧˥/
hand shǒu /sou˨˩˦/
foot /tsu˧˥/
eye /mu˥˩/
ear ěr /ɑɻ˨˩˦/
mouth kǒu /kʰou˨˩˦/
head tóu /tʰou˧˥/
heart xīn /ɕin˥˥/
blood xuè /ɕye˥˩/
meat ròu /zou˥˩/
up shàng /saŋ˥˩/
down xià /ɕja˥˩/
middle zhōng /t͡suŋ˥˥/
hit zhòng /t͡suŋ˥˩/
center yāng /jaŋ˥˥/
left zuǒ /tsuo˨˩˦/
right yòu /jou˥˩/
east dōng /tuŋ˥˥/
西 west /ɕi˥˥/
south nán /nan˧˥/
north běi /peɪ˨˩˦/
go xíng /ɕiŋ˧˥/
row háng /xaŋ˧˥/
come lái /laɪ˧˥/
leave /t͡ɕʰy˥˩/
see jiàn /t͡ɕjɛn˥˩/
hear wén /uən˧˥/
eat shí /sz̩˧˥/
drink yǐn /in˨˩˦/
run zǒu /tsou˨˩˦/
sit zuò /tsuo˥˩/
stand /li˥˩/

Sources

Han readings compared

Compared with related Sinitic > Mandarin (Taiwan variety / 中華民國華語) languages

Character Taiwan MandarinThai Mandarin (heritage)Chinese (Mandarin)Northeastern MandarinAmerican Mandarin (heritage)Early Mandarin (Yuan)Tianjin Mandarin
/i˥˥/ /i˥˥/ /i˥˥/ yi⁵⁵ /i˥˥/ yi¹ /i˥˥/ i3 /i˨˩˦/ yi²¹ /i˨˩/
èr /ɑɻ˥˩/ èr /ɑɻ˥˩/ èr /ɑɻ˥˩/ er⁵³ /ɚ˥˧/ er⁴ /ɚ˥˩/ ʐï4 /ʐʅ˥˩/ er⁵³ /ɚ˥˧/
sān /san˥˥/ sān /san˥˥/ sān /san˥˥/ san⁵⁵ /san˥˥/ san¹ /san˥˥/ sam1 /sam˥/ san²¹ /sɑn˨˩/
/sɿ˥˩/ /sɿ˥˩/ /sɿ˥˩/ si⁵³ /sɿ˥˧/ si⁴ /sɹ̩˥˩/ sï4 /sɿ˥˩/ si⁵³ /sɿ˥˧/
/u˨˩˦/ /u˨˩˦/ /u˨˩˦/ wu²¹³ /u˨˩˧/ wu³ /u˨/ u3 /u˨˩˦/ wu¹³ /u˩˧/
liù /ljou˥˩/ liù /ljou˥˩/ liù /ljou˥˩/ liu⁵³ /liou˥˧/ liu⁴ /ljou˥˩/ lieu4 /liəu˥˩/ liu⁵³ /liou˥˧/
/t͡ɕʰi˥˥/ /t͡ɕʰi˥˥/ /t͡ɕʰi˥˥/ qi⁵⁵ /tɕʰi˥˥/ qi¹ /t͡ɕʰi˥˥/ tshi3 /tsʰi˨˩˦/ qi²¹ /tɕʰi˨˩/
/pa˥˥/ /pa˥˥/ /pa˥˥/ ba⁵⁵ /pa˥˥/ ba¹ /pa˥˥/ pa3 /pa˨˩˦/ ba²¹ /pa˨˩/
jiǔ /t͡ɕjou˨˩˦/ jiǔ /t͡ɕjou˨˩˦/ jiǔ /t͡ɕjou˨˩˦/ jiu²¹³ /tɕiou˨˩˧/ jiu³ /t͡ɕjou˨/ kieu3 /kiəu˨˩˦/ jiu¹³ /tɕiou˩˧/
shí /sz̩˧˥/ shí /sz̩˧˥/ shí /ʂʐ̩˧˥/ shi³⁵ /ʂʐ̩˧˥/ shi² /sɹ̩˧˥/ ʂï2 /ʂʅ˧˥/ shi⁴⁵ /ʂʐ̩˦˥/
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