中原音韻

Early Mandarin (Yuan)

Sinitic > Mandarin (Early)

FamilySinitic > Mandarin (Early) Speakers歴史言語 / 現代話者なし RegionYuan-dynasty north China (Central Plain) RomanizationHsueh transcription / Coblin notation ReadingEarly Mandarin (post-rù, pre-Beijing)

Reconstructed phonology of the Zhongyuan Yinyun (中原音韻), a 1324 rime book compiled by Zhou Deqing (周德清) as a pronunciation guide for sanqu and zaju verse. It codifies the koiné of Yuan-dynasty northern China and is the foundational document for Early Mandarin: the entering tone (入聲) has already been lost and redistributed across the three open tones, the level tone has split into yin (陰平) and yang (陽平) registers by initial voicing, and the inventory has collapsed to 19 initials, 19 rhyme groups, and 4 tones — a system already structurally close to modern Mandarin but retaining bilabial nasal codas (-m), the v- initial, and the apical vowels distinct from -i.

Where it is spoken

Han character readings in Early Mandarin (Yuan)

Character Meaning Reading Form IPA
one i3 /i˨˩˦/
two ʐï4 /ʐʅ˥˩/
three sam1 /sam˥/
four sï4 /sɿ˥˩/
five u3 /u˨˩˦/
six lieu4 /liəu˥˩/
seven tshi3 /tsʰi˨˩˦/
eight pa3 /pa˨˩˦/
nine kieu3 /kiəu˨˩˦/
ten ʂï2 /ʂʅ˧˥/
sun ʐï4 /ʐʅ˥˩/
moon ye4 /yɛ˥˩/
mountain ʂan1 /ʂan˥/
water ʂuei3 /ʂuei˨˩˦/
fire xuo3 /xuɔ˨˩˦/
tree mu4 /mu˥˩/
soil thu3 /tʰu˨˩˦/
sky thien1 /tʰiɛn˥/
ground ti4 /ti˥˩/
sea xai3 /xai˨˩˦/
dragon luŋ2 /luŋ˧˥/
tiger xu3 /xu˨˩˦/
dog khyen3 /kʰyɛn˨˩˦/
horse ma3 /ma˨˩˦/
bird tiau3 /tiau˨˩˦/
fish y2 /y˧˥/
ox nieu2 /niəu˧˥/
sheep iaŋ2 /iaŋ˧˥/
cat miau1 /miau˥/
person ʐen2 /ʐən˧˥/
hand ʂeu3 /ʂəu˨˩˦/
foot tsu3 /tsu˨˩˦/
eye mu4 /mu˥˩/
ear ʐï3 /ʐʅ˨˩˦/
mouth kheu3 /kʰəu˨˩˦/
head theu2 /tʰəu˧˥/
heart sim1 /sim˥/
blood ɕye3 /ɕyɛ˨˩˦/
meat ʐieu4 /ʐiəu˥˩/
up ʂaŋ4 /ʂaŋ˥˩/
down xia4 /xia˥˩/
middle tʂuŋ1 /tʂuŋ˥/
hit tʂuŋ4 /tʂuŋ˥˩/
center iaŋ1 /iaŋ˥/
left tsuo3 /tsuɔ˨˩˦/
right ieu4 /iəu˥˩/
east tuŋ1 /tuŋ˥/
西 west si1 /si˥/
south nam2 /nam˧˥/
north pei3 /pəi˨˩˦/
go ɕiŋ2 /ɕiŋ˧˥/
row xaŋ2 /xaŋ˧˥/
come lai2 /lai˧˥/
leave khy4 /kʰy˥˩/
see kien4 /kiɛn˥˩/
hear ven2 /vən˧˥/
eat ʂï2 /ʂʅ˧˥/
drink im3 /im˨˩˦/
run tseu3 /tsəu˨˩˦/
sit tsuo4 /tsuɔ˥˩/
stand li4 /li˥˩/

Sources

Han readings compared

Compared with related Sinitic > Mandarin (Early) languages

Character Early Mandarin (Yuan)Chinese (Mandarin)Northeastern MandarinTaiwan MandarinThai Mandarin (heritage)Central BaiTianjin Mandarin
i3 /i˨˩˦/ /i˥˥/ yi⁵⁵ /i˥˥/ /i˥˥/ /i˥˥/ it6 /ʔit̚˨˨˨/ yi²¹ /i˨˩/
ʐï4 /ʐʅ˥˩/ èr /ɑɻ˥˩/ er⁵³ /ɚ˥˧/ èr /ɑɻ˥˩/ èr /ɑɻ˥˩/ nox3 /no˨˩˦/ er⁵³ /ɚ˥˧/
sam1 /sam˥/ sān /san˥˥/ san⁵⁵ /san˥˥/ sān /san˥˥/ sān /san˥˥/ sae1 /sæ˥/ san²¹ /sɑn˨˩/
sï4 /sɿ˥˩/ /sɿ˥˩/ si⁵³ /sɿ˥˧/ /sɿ˥˩/ /sɿ˥˩/ sv4 /sɿ˨˩/ si⁵³ /sɿ˥˧/
u3 /u˨˩˦/ /u˨˩˦/ wu²¹³ /u˨˩˧/ /u˨˩˦/ /u˨˩˦/ ngux3 /ŋu˨˩˦/ wu¹³ /u˩˧/
lieu4 /liəu˥˩/ liù /ljou˥˩/ liu⁵³ /liou˥˧/ liù /ljou˥˩/ liù /ljou˥˩/ lox6 /lo˨˨˨/ liu⁵³ /liou˥˧/
tshi3 /tsʰi˨˩˦/ /t͡ɕʰi˥˥/ qi⁵⁵ /tɕʰi˥˥/ /t͡ɕʰi˥˥/ /t͡ɕʰi˥˥/ chi1 /tɕʰi˦˦/ qi²¹ /tɕʰi˨˩/
pa3 /pa˨˩˦/ /pa˥˥/ ba⁵⁵ /pa˥˥/ /pa˥˥/ /pa˥˥/ be2 /pe˧˥/ ba²¹ /pa˨˩/
kieu3 /kiəu˨˩˦/ jiǔ /t͡ɕjou˨˩˦/ jiu²¹³ /tɕiou˨˩˧/ jiǔ /t͡ɕjou˨˩˦/ jiǔ /t͡ɕjou˨˩˦/ jiux3 /tɕiu˨˩˦/ jiu¹³ /tɕiou˩˧/
ʂï2 /ʂʅ˧˥/ shí /ʂʐ̩˧˥/ shi³⁵ /ʂʐ̩˧˥/ shí /sz̩˧˥/ shí /sz̩˧˥/ cix6 /tsʰɿ˨˨˨/ shi⁴⁵ /ʂʐ̩˦˥/
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