タイ華僑普通話

Thai Mandarin (heritage)

Sinitic > Mandarin (Thai diaspora)

FamilySinitic > Mandarin (Thai diaspora) Speakers約700万人 (タイ華僑のうち普通話話者は少数) RegionThailand (Bangkok and Central Thai Chinese-heritage community) RomanizationHanyu Pinyin — Thai-substrate pronounced ReadingHeritage Mandarin (Thai-substrate) — 2nd/3rd gen Thai-Chinese speech

Mandarin Chinese as spoken by Thai-Chinese diaspora speakers in Bangkok — primarily 2nd/3rd-generation heritage speakers of Teochew/Hokkien-descended families plus more recent PRC and Taiwan immigrants. Phonologically grounded in Standard Mandarin but reshaped by Thai substrate: retroflex weakening (zh/ch/sh → /tɕ tɕʰ ɕ/ or /s/), tone reduction (4 tones → ~3 with Thai-like pitch contours leaking in), /ɤ/ → /ɤː/ or /əː/ following Thai vowel inventory, /r-/ initial → /l/ ~ /ɹ/ reflecting Thai r-l fluctuation, final -ng weakened (Thai allows -ŋ but the realization is laxer with vowel nasalization). Frequent code-switching with Thai politeness particles (ครับ/ค่ะ) in everyday speech. Distinct from PRC putonghua and Taiwan guoyu.

Where it is spoken

Han character readings in Thai Mandarin (heritage)

Character Meaning Reading Form IPA
one /i˥˥/
two èr /ɑɻ˥˩/
three sān /san˥˥/
four /sɿ˥˩/
five /u˨˩˦/
six liù /ljou˥˩/
seven /t͡ɕʰi˥˥/
eight /pa˥˥/
nine jiǔ /t͡ɕjou˨˩˦/
ten shí /sz̩˧˥/
sun /z̩˥˩/
moon yuè /ɥe˥˩/
mountain shān /san˥˥/
water shuǐ /sueɪ˨˩˦/
fire huǒ /xuo˨˩˦/
tree /mu˥˩/
soil /tʰu˨˩˦/
sky tiān /tʰjɛn˥˥/
ground /ti˥˩/
sea hǎi /xaɪ˨˩˦/
dragon lóng /luŋ˧˥/
tiger /xu˨˩˦/
dog quǎn /t͡ɕʰɥɛn˨˩˦/
horse /ma˨˩˦/
bird niǎo /njau˨˩˦/
fish /y˧˥/
ox niú /njou˧˥/
sheep yáng /jaŋ˧˥/
cat māo /mau˥˥/
person rén /zən˧˥/
hand shǒu /sou˨˩˦/
foot /tsu˧˥/
eye /mu˥˩/
ear ěr /ɑɻ˨˩˦/
mouth kǒu /kʰou˨˩˦/
head tóu /tʰou˧˥/
heart xīn /ɕin˥˥/
blood xuè /ɕye˥˩/
meat ròu /zou˥˩/
up shàng /saŋ˥˩/
down xià /ɕja˥˩/
middle zhōng /t͡suŋ˥˥/
hit zhòng /t͡suŋ˥˩/
center yāng /jaŋ˥˥/
left zuǒ /tsuo˨˩˦/
right yòu /jou˥˩/
east dōng /tuŋ˥˥/
西 west /ɕi˥˥/
south nán /nan˧˥/
north běi /peɪ˨˩˦/
go xíng /ɕiŋ˧˥/
row háng /xɑŋ˧˥/
come lái /laɪ˧˥/
leave /t͡ɕʰy˥˩/
see jiàn /t͡ɕjɛn˥˩/
hear wén /uən˧˥/
eat shí /sz̩˧˥/
drink yǐn /in˨˩˦/
run zǒu /tsou˨˩˦/
sit zuò /tsuo˥˩/
stand /li˥˩/

Sources

Han readings compared

Compared with related Sinitic > Mandarin (Thai diaspora) languages

Character Thai Mandarin (heritage)Taiwan MandarinChinese (Mandarin)Northeastern MandarinAmerican Mandarin (heritage)Early Mandarin (Yuan)Tianjin Mandarin
/i˥˥/ /i˥˥/ /i˥˥/ yi⁵⁵ /i˥˥/ yi¹ /i˥˥/ i3 /i˨˩˦/ yi²¹ /i˨˩/
èr /ɑɻ˥˩/ èr /ɑɻ˥˩/ èr /ɑɻ˥˩/ er⁵³ /ɚ˥˧/ er⁴ /ɚ˥˩/ ʐï4 /ʐʅ˥˩/ er⁵³ /ɚ˥˧/
sān /san˥˥/ sān /san˥˥/ sān /san˥˥/ san⁵⁵ /san˥˥/ san¹ /san˥˥/ sam1 /sam˥/ san²¹ /sɑn˨˩/
/sɿ˥˩/ /sɿ˥˩/ /sɿ˥˩/ si⁵³ /sɿ˥˧/ si⁴ /sɹ̩˥˩/ sï4 /sɿ˥˩/ si⁵³ /sɿ˥˧/
/u˨˩˦/ /u˨˩˦/ /u˨˩˦/ wu²¹³ /u˨˩˧/ wu³ /u˨/ u3 /u˨˩˦/ wu¹³ /u˩˧/
liù /ljou˥˩/ liù /ljou˥˩/ liù /ljou˥˩/ liu⁵³ /liou˥˧/ liu⁴ /ljou˥˩/ lieu4 /liəu˥˩/ liu⁵³ /liou˥˧/
/t͡ɕʰi˥˥/ /t͡ɕʰi˥˥/ /t͡ɕʰi˥˥/ qi⁵⁵ /tɕʰi˥˥/ qi¹ /t͡ɕʰi˥˥/ tshi3 /tsʰi˨˩˦/ qi²¹ /tɕʰi˨˩/
/pa˥˥/ /pa˥˥/ /pa˥˥/ ba⁵⁵ /pa˥˥/ ba¹ /pa˥˥/ pa3 /pa˨˩˦/ ba²¹ /pa˨˩/
jiǔ /t͡ɕjou˨˩˦/ jiǔ /t͡ɕjou˨˩˦/ jiǔ /t͡ɕjou˨˩˦/ jiu²¹³ /tɕiou˨˩˧/ jiu³ /t͡ɕjou˨/ kieu3 /kiəu˨˩˦/ jiu¹³ /tɕiou˩˧/
shí /sz̩˧˥/ shí /sz̩˧˥/ shí /ʂʐ̩˧˥/ shi³⁵ /ʂʐ̩˧˥/ shi² /sɹ̩˧˥/ ʂï2 /ʂʅ˧˥/ shi⁴⁵ /ʂʐ̩˦˥/
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