Mandarin (US heritage)

American Mandarin (heritage)

Sinitic > Mandarin (American diaspora heritage)

FamilySinitic > Mandarin (American diaspora heritage) Speakers約100万人 (米国における普通話話者) RegionUnited States (Chinese-American heritage-speaker diaspora) RomanizationHanyu Pinyin with lexical tone digits (ABC-pronounced) ReadingHeritage Mandarin (English-substrate) — ABC speech

Mandarin Chinese as spoken by American-Born Chinese (ABC) heritage speakers — descendants of PRC, Taiwan, or Southeast Asian Mandarin-speaking immigrants whose primary language is English. Phonologically based on Standard Mandarin but with systematic English-substrate features: tone reduction (4→2-3 tones), retroflex weakening to alveolopalatals, /r-/ initial English-influenced, simplified vowels approximating English equivalents. Distinct from native Beijing or Taipei standards.

Where it is spoken

Han character readings in American Mandarin (heritage)

Character Meaning Reading Form IPA
one yi¹ /i˥˥/
two er⁴ /ɚ˥˩/
three san¹ /san˥˥/
four si⁴ /sɹ̩˥˩/
five wu³ /u˨/
six liu⁴ /ljou˥˩/
seven qi¹ /t͡ɕʰi˥˥/
eight ba¹ /pa˥˥/
nine jiu³ /t͡ɕjou˨/
ten shi² /sɹ̩˧˥/
sun ri⁴ /ɹ̩˥˩/
moon yue⁴ /jwe˥˩/
mountain shan¹ /san˥˥/
water shui³ /sweɪ˨/
fire huo³ /xwo˨/
tree mu⁴ /mu˥˩/
soil tu³ /tʰu˨/
sky tian¹ /tʰjɛn˥˥/
ground di⁴ /ti˥˩/
sea hai³ /xaɪ˨/
dragon long² /luŋ˧˥/
tiger hu³ /xu˨/
dog quan³ /t͡ɕʰjwɛn˨/
horse ma³ /ma˨/
bird niao³ /njau˨/
fish yu² /ju˧˥/
ox niu² /njou˧˥/
sheep yang² /jaŋ˧˥/
cat mao¹ /mau˥˥/
person ren² /ɹən˧˥/
hand shou³ /sou˨/
foot zu² /tsu˧˥/
eye mu⁴ /mu˥˩/
ear er³ /ɚ˨/
mouth kou³ /kʰou˨/
head tou² /tʰou˧˥/
heart xin¹ /ɕin˥˥/
blood xue⁴ /ɕjwe˥˩/
meat rou⁴ /ɹou˥˩/
up shang⁴ /saŋ˥˩/
down xia⁴ /ɕja˥˩/
middle zhong¹ /tsuŋ˥˥/
hit zhong⁴ /tsuŋ˥˩/
center yang¹ /jaŋ˥˥/
left zuo³ /tswo˨/
right you⁴ /jou˥˩/
east dong¹ /tuŋ˥˥/
西 west xi¹ /ɕi˥˥/
south nan² /nan˧˥/
north bei³ /peɪ˨/
go xing² /ɕiŋ˧˥/
row hang² /xɑŋ˧˥/
come lai² /laɪ˧˥/
leave qu⁴ /t͡ɕʰju˥˩/
see jian⁴ /t͡ɕjɛn˥˩/
hear wen² /wən˧˥/
eat shi² /sɹ̩˧˥/
drink yin³ /in˨/
run zou³ /tsou˨/
sit zuo⁴ /tsuo˥˩/
stand li⁴ /li˥˩/

Sources

Han readings compared

Compared with related Sinitic > Mandarin (American diaspora heritage) languages

Character American Mandarin (heritage)Thai Mandarin (heritage)Taiwan MandarinChinese (Mandarin)Northeastern MandarinTianjin MandarinChongqing Mandarin
yi¹ /i˥˥/ /i˥˥/ /i˥˥/ /i˥˥/ yi⁵⁵ /i˥˥/ yi²¹ /i˨˩/ yi²¹ /i˨˩/
er⁴ /ɚ˥˩/ èr /ɑɻ˥˩/ èr /ɑɻ˥˩/ èr /ɑɻ˥˩/ er⁵³ /ɚ˥˧/ er⁵³ /ɚ˥˧/ er²¹⁴ /ɚ˨˩˦/
san¹ /san˥˥/ sān /san˥˥/ sān /san˥˥/ sān /san˥˥/ san⁵⁵ /san˥˥/ san²¹ /sɑn˨˩/ san⁵⁵ /san˥˥/
si⁴ /sɹ̩˥˩/ /sɿ˥˩/ /sɿ˥˩/ /sɿ˥˩/ si⁵³ /sɿ˥˧/ si⁵³ /sɿ˥˧/ si²¹⁴ /sɿ˨˩˦/
wu³ /u˨/ /u˨˩˦/ /u˨˩˦/ /u˨˩˦/ wu²¹³ /u˨˩˧/ wu¹³ /u˩˧/ wu⁴² /u˦˨/
liu⁴ /ljou˥˩/ liù /ljou˥˩/ liù /ljou˥˩/ liù /ljou˥˩/ liu⁵³ /liou˥˧/ liu⁵³ /liou˥˧/ liu²¹ /liəu˨˩/
qi¹ /t͡ɕʰi˥˥/ /t͡ɕʰi˥˥/ /t͡ɕʰi˥˥/ /t͡ɕʰi˥˥/ qi⁵⁵ /tɕʰi˥˥/ qi²¹ /tɕʰi˨˩/ qi²¹ /tɕʰi˨˩/
ba¹ /pa˥˥/ /pa˥˥/ /pa˥˥/ /pa˥˥/ ba⁵⁵ /pa˥˥/ ba²¹ /pa˨˩/ ba²¹ /pa˨˩/
jiu³ /t͡ɕjou˨/ jiǔ /t͡ɕjou˨˩˦/ jiǔ /t͡ɕjou˨˩˦/ jiǔ /t͡ɕjou˨˩˦/ jiu²¹³ /tɕiou˨˩˧/ jiu¹³ /tɕiou˩˧/ jiu⁴² /tɕiəu˦˨/
shi² /sɹ̩˧˥/ shí /sz̩˧˥/ shí /sz̩˧˥/ shí /ʂʐ̩˧˥/ shi³⁵ /ʂʐ̩˧˥/ shi⁴⁵ /ʂʐ̩˦˥/ si²¹ /sɿ˨˩/
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