Simalungun

Simalungun Batak (autonymously Hata Simalungun) is a Batak language of the Austronesian family, spoken by around 1.2 million people in the Simalungun Regency of North Sumatra, Indonesia, primarily around the city of Pematangsiantar. The Simalungun Batak are one of the six main Batak subgroups (alongside Toba, Karo, Pakpak, Mandailing, and Angkola), with distinct cultural traditions including the Simalungun royal court tradition and the Simalungun horja cultural festival. Linguistically, Simalungun is part of the Batak cluster within Sumatran Austronesian, with shared phonological features (vowel harmony, consonant clusters) but distinct lexicon from the more famous Toba Batak (bbc). The Simalungun community has maintained their language despite significant Indonesian assimilation pressure in the urban Pematangsiantar metropolitan area.