原始漢蔵語
Protosinotibet
Sino-Tibetan (proto)
Proto-Sino-Tibet ni babu wa pamoja aliyejengwa upya wa familia ya lugha za Kichina-Tibeti (Trans-Himalaya), inayojumuisha tawi la Kichina, tawi la Tibeto-Burma, Kiburma, na lugha takriban 400 za uzao. Ujenzi upya wa Sagart, Jacques, Lai na wenzake (2019) unaweka nchi ya asili katika sehemu ya juu ya Mto wa Manjano na eneo la mpaka wa Sichuan-Tibet, karibu 4000-3000 KK. Maumbo yaliyooneshwa ni ujenzi upya wenye nyota; ni mada zenye msingi wazi wa kitaaluma pekee ndio zilizojumuishwa.
Inakozungumzwa
Usomaji wa herufi za Han katika Protosinotibet
| Herufi | Maana | Usomaji | Umbo | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | one | *dyiək | /*dyiək/ | |
| 二 | two | *nĭy | /*nĭy/ | |
| 三 | three | *sɨm | /*sɨm/ | |
| 四 | four | *lĭy | /*lĭy/ | |
| 五 | five | *ŋāH | /*ŋāH/ | |
| 六 | six | *rŭk | /*rŭk/ | |
| 七 | seven | *(s-)nĭt | /*(s-)nĭt/ | |
| 八 | eight | *ryēt | /*ryēt/ | |
| 九 | nine | *kwɨH | /*kwɨH/ | |
| 十 | ten | *k(ʰ)ĭp | /*k(ʰ)ĭp/ | |
| 日 | sun | *nĭy | /*nĭy/ | |
| 月 | moon | *(s-)lăH | /*(s-)lăH/ | |
| 水 | water | *tujʔ | /*tujʔ/ | |
| 木 | tree | *sĭŋ | /*sĭŋ/ | |
| 土 | soil | *ƛăy | /*ƛăy/ | |
| 地 | ground | *ƛăy | /*ƛăy/ | |
| 人 | person | *mĭ | /*mĭ/ | |
| 食 | eat | *ʒʰa | /*ʒʰa/ | |
| 飲 | drink | *dʰɨn | /*dʰɨn/ | |
| 坐 | sit | *tūŋ | /*tūŋ/ | |
| 立 | stand | *g-ryəp | /*ryəp/ |
Vyanzo
- Sagart, Jacques, Lai et al. 2019 (PNAS, Dated language phylogenies shed light on the ancestry of Sino-Tibetan)
- Matisoff STEDT (Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus)
- Baxter-Sagart 2014 (Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction)
Ulinganishaji wa usomaji wa Han
Imelinganishwa na lugha za Sino-Tibetan (proto) zinazohusiana
| Herufi | Protosinotibet | Prototibetobirma | Kichina (Han) | Prohmong-Mien | Projapani | Pratungus | Promongoli |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一 | *dyiək /*dyiək/ | — | *ʔi[t] /*ʔi[t]/ | *ʔɨ /*ʔɨ/ | *pitə-tu /*pitə-tu/ | *əmun /*əmun/ | *nigen /*niɡen/ |
| 二 | *nĭy /*nĭy/ | *g-nis /*g-nis/ | *ni[j]-s /*ni[j]-s/ | *ʔu̯i /*ʔu̯i/ | *puta /*puta/ | *dʒuər /*d͡ʒuər/ | *qoyar /*qojar/ |
| 三 | *sɨm /*sɨm/ | *g-sum /*g-sum/ | *s.rum /*s.rum/ | *pjɔu /*pjɔu/ | *mi /*mi/ | *ilan /*ilan/ | *gurba(n) /*gurban/ |
| 四 | *lĭy /*lĭy/ | *b-ləy /*b-ləy/ | *s.li[j]-s /*s.li[j]-s/ | *plei /*plei/ | *jə /*jə/ | *dügin /*dyɡin/ | *dörbe(n) /*dœrben/ |
| 五 | *ŋāH /*ŋāH/ | b- 形*b-ŋa /*b-ŋa/l- 形*l-ŋa /*l-ŋa/ | *C.ŋˤaʔ /*C.ŋˤaʔ/ | *prja /*prja/ | *itu /*itu/ | *tuɲga /*tuɲɡa/ | *tabu(n) /*tabun/ |
| 六 | *rŭk /*rŭk/ | *d-k-ruk /*d-k-ruk/ | *k.ruk /*k.ruk/ | *kruk /*kruk/ | *mu /*mu/ | *ɲuŋun /*ɲuŋun/ | *jirguɣa(n) /*dʒirɣuɣan/ |
| 七 | *(s-)nĭt /*(s-)nĭt/ | — | *[tsʰ]i[t] /*[tsʰ]i[t]/ | — | *nana /*nana/ | *nadan /*nadan/ | *doluɣa(n) /*doluɣan/ |
| 八 | *ryēt /*ryēt/ | *b-r-gyat 形*b-r-gyat /*b-r-gyat/*b-g-ryat 形*b-g-ryat /*b-g-ryat/ | *pˤret /*pˤret/ | — | *ja /*ja/ | *dʒapkun /*d͡ʒapkun/ | *nayima(n) /*najiman/ |
| 九 | *kwɨH /*kwɨH/ | *d-kəw /*d-kəw/ | *[k]uʔ /*[k]uʔ/ | *N-ɟuə̯X /*N-ɟuə̯X/ | *kəkənə /*kəkənə/ | *xəgün /*xəɡyn/ | *yersü(n) /*jersyn/ |
| 十 | *k(ʰ)ĭp /*k(ʰ)ĭp/ | — | *t.[g]əp /*t.[g]əp/ | *gju̯əpD /*gju̯əpD/ | *təwə /*təwə/ | *dʒuwan /*d͡ʒuwan/ | *harba(n) /*harban/ |
| 日 | *nĭy /*nĭy/ | *nəy /*nəy/ | *C.nik /*C.nik/ | *hnu̯ɔiA /*hnu̯ɔiA/ | *pi /*pi/ | *siun /*siun/ | *naran /*naran/ |
| 月 | *(s-)lăH /*(s-)lăH/ | s- 形*s-la /*s-la/g- 形*g-la /*g-la/ | *[ŋ]ʷat /*[ŋ]ʷat/ | *hlaH /*hlaH/ | *tukuy /*tukui/ | *bēga /*beːɡa/ | *sara(n) /*saran/ |
| 水 | *tujʔ /*tujʔ/ | — | *s.turʔ /*s.turʔ/ | *ʔu̯əm /*ʔu̯əm/ | *mintu /*mintu/ | *mū /*muː/ | *usu(n) /*usun/ |
| 木 | *sĭŋ /*sĭŋ/ | — | *C.mˤok /*C.mˤok/ | *ntju̯əŋH /*ntju̯əŋH/ | *kəy /*kəi/ | *mō /*moː/ | *modu(n) /*modun/ |
| 土 | *ƛăy /*ƛăy/ | — | *tʰˤaʔ /*tʰˤaʔ/ | — | *tuti /*tuti/ | *na /*na/ | *sirui /*siruj/ |
| 地 | *ƛăy /*ƛăy/ | — | *[l]ˤej-s /*lˤej-s/ | — | — | *na /*na/ | *gajar /*ɡadʒar/ |
| 人 | *mĭ /*mĭ/ | *r-mi(y) /*r-mi(y)/ | *ni[ŋ] /*ni[ŋ]/ | *lan /*ʔja/ | *pitə /*pitə/ | *niama /*niama/ | *kümün /*kymyn/ |
| 食 | *ʒʰa /*ʒʰa/ | *dzya /*dzya/ | *mə-lək /*mə-lək/ | — | *kup- /*kup-/ | *dʒəp- /*d͡ʒəp-/ | *ide- /*ide-/ |
| 飲 | *dʰɨn /*dʰɨn/ | — | *q(r)[u]mʔ /*q(r)[u]mʔ/ | — | *nəm- /*nəm-/ | *umī- /*umiː-/ | *uxu- /*uxu-/ |
| 坐 | *tūŋ /*tūŋ/ | — | *[dz]ˤo[j]ʔ /*[dz]ˤo[j]ʔ/ | — | — | *təgə- /*təɡə-/ | *saxu- /*saxu-/ |
| 立 | *g-ryəp /*ryəp/ | — | *k.rəp /*k.rəp/ | — | *tat- /*tat-/ | *ili- /*ili-/ | *bos- /*bos-/ |
Ukurasa 1/3
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