Woleaian

Austronesian (Micronesian)

FamilyAustronesian (Micronesian) Speakers~1.7–5K L1 ScriptLatin alphabet (modern); historical Caroline Island Script / Woleai sy Official inOfficial language in Woleai region, Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia; not official at national FSM level

Woleaian is a Nuclear Chuukic language of the Oceanic branch of Austronesian, spoken on Woleai, Eauripik, Faraulep, Ifalik, Elato, and Lamotrek in Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia, and in diaspora communities. Recent fieldwork estimates 3,000–6,000 speakers and describes six closely related atoll-based varieties. Transmission remains strong on the outer islands, where children learn Woleaian as a first language and it is the main language of most everyday domains, so recent scholarship does not classify it as endangered. Woleaian has a rich vowel system, numeral and possessive classifiers, and flexible but actor–verb–undergoer-dominant order. Modern writing uses Latin-based orthographies; an indigenous syllabary once used mainly for decoration and ritual had largely disappeared by the late twentieth century.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Woleaian

Water

shalú

/ʃaːlu/

Fire

yaafi

/jaːfi/

Sun

/—/

Moon

me-rame

/meraːme/

Star

fiiu

/fiːu/

Mother

sila

/sila/

Father

taame

/taːme/

I

gaang

/ɡaːŋ/

You

geeli

/ɡeːli/

Name

iit

/iːtʲ/

Eye

maate

/maːte/

Hand

paaú

/paːu/

Heart

/—/

Love

/—/

Tree

/—/

House

iimʷe

/iːmwe/

Dog

/—/

Cat

/—/

Eat

mʷoŋoo

/mwoŋoː/

Drink

úlú

/uːlu/

One

yete

/jete/

Two

riuuw

/ɾiːuw/

Hello

/—/

Thank you

/—/

Good

/—/

Words compared

Compared with related Austronesian (Micronesian) languages

Meaning WoleaianOscanBabuza (Favorlang)UmbrianProto-AfroasiaticProto-AustroasiaticDamin (Lardil ceremonial register)
Water shalú /ʃaːlu/ /—/ zalum /zalum/ utur /ˈu.tur/ *maw- /maw-/ *ɗaːk /ɗaːk/ /—/
Fire yaafi /jaːfi/ /—/ apoi /apoi/ pir /pir/ /—/ *ʔuːs /ʔuːs/ l!ii /lǃiː/
Sun /—/ /—/ /—/ /—/ /—/ *tŋiːʔ /tŋiːʔ/ /—/
Moon me-rame /meraːme/ /—/ zilias /siliəs/ /—/ /—/ /—/ /—/
Star fiiu /fiːu/ /—/ botto /botːo/ /—/ /—/ /—/ l*i /ʎ͡ʘi/
Mother sila /sila/ maatúf /maːtof/ tina /tina/ matrer /ˈma.trer/ *ʔim- /ʔim-/ *maʔ /maʔ/ /—/
Father taame /taːme/ patír /patiːr/ tama /tama/ patre /ˈpa.tre/ *ʔab- /ʔab-/ /—/ /—/
I gaang /ɡaːŋ/ egom /egom/ ka-ina /kaina/ /—/ *ʔan- /ʔan-/ *ʔaɲ /ʔaɲ/ n!aa /ŋ͡ʘaː/
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