Woleaian
Austronesian (Micronesian)
Woleaian is a Nuclear Chuukic language of the Oceanic branch of Austronesian, spoken on Woleai, Eauripik, Faraulep, Ifalik, Elato, and Lamotrek in Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia, and in diaspora communities. Recent fieldwork estimates 3,000–6,000 speakers and describes six closely related atoll-based varieties. Transmission remains strong on the outer islands, where children learn Woleaian as a first language and it is the main language of most everyday domains, so recent scholarship does not classify it as endangered. Woleaian has a rich vowel system, numeral and possessive classifiers, and flexible but actor–verb–undergoer-dominant order. Modern writing uses Latin-based orthographies; an indigenous syllabary once used mainly for decoration and ritual had largely disappeared by the late twentieth century.
Where it is spoken
31 core words in Woleaian
Water
shalú
/ʃaːlu/
Fire
yaafi
/jaːfi/
Sun
—
/—/
Moon
me-rame
/meraːme/
Star
fiiu
/fiːu/
Mother
sila
/sila/
Father
taame
/taːme/
I
gaang
/ɡaːŋ/
You
geeli
/ɡeːli/
Name
iit
/iːtʲ/
Eye
maate
/maːte/
Hand
paaú
/paːu/
Heart
—
/—/
Love
—
/—/
Tree
—
/—/
House
iimʷe
/iːmwe/
Dog
—
/—/
Cat
—
/—/
Eat
mʷoŋoo
/mwoŋoː/
Drink
úlú
/uːlu/
One
yete
/jete/
Two
riuuw
/ɾiːuw/
Hello
—
/—/
Thank you
—
/—/
Good
—
/—/
Words compared
Compared with related Austronesian (Micronesian) languages
| Meaning | Woleaian | Oscan | Babuza (Favorlang) | Umbrian | Proto-Afroasiatic | Proto-Austroasiatic | Damin (Lardil ceremonial register) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | shalú /ʃaːlu/ | — /—/ | zalum /zalum/ | utur /ˈu.tur/ | *maw- /maw-/ | *ɗaːk /ɗaːk/ | — /—/ |
| Fire | yaafi /jaːfi/ | — /—/ | apoi /apoi/ | pir /pir/ | — /—/ | *ʔuːs /ʔuːs/ | l!ii /lǃiː/ |
| Sun | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | *tŋiːʔ /tŋiːʔ/ | — /—/ |
| Moon | me-rame /meraːme/ | — /—/ | zilias /siliəs/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Star | fiiu /fiːu/ | — /—/ | botto /botːo/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | l*i /ʎ͡ʘi/ |
| Mother | sila /sila/ | maatúf /maːtof/ | tina /tina/ | matrer /ˈma.trer/ | *ʔim- /ʔim-/ | *maʔ /maʔ/ | — /—/ |
| Father | taame /taːme/ | patír /patiːr/ | tama /tama/ | patre /ˈpa.tre/ | *ʔab- /ʔab-/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| I | gaang /ɡaːŋ/ | egom /egom/ | ka-ina /kaina/ | — /—/ | *ʔan- /ʔan-/ | *ʔaɲ /ʔaɲ/ | n!aa /ŋ͡ʘaː/ |
| You | geeli /ɡeːli/ | tú /tuː/ | ijo /ijo/ | tu /tuː/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | n!uu /ŋ͡ʘuː/ |
| Name | iit /iːtʲ/ | númen /nuːmen/ | naan /naːn/ | nome /ˈnome/ | *sim- /sim-/ | — /—/ | m!ii /m͡ʘiː/ |
| Eye | maate /maːte/ | — /—/ | macha /matʃa/ | — /—/ | *ʕayn- /ʕayn-/ | *mat /mat/ | — /—/ |
| Hand | paaú /paːu/ | manim /manim/ | rima /rima/ | manuv-e /ma.ˈnu.we/ | — /—/ | *tiːʔ /tiːʔ/ | — /—/ |
| Heart | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Love | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Tree | — /—/ | — /—/ | kayu /kaju/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| House | iimʷe /iːmwe/ | trííbúm /triːbom/ | ruma /ruma/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Dog | — /—/ | — /—/ | asu /asu/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | *cɔː /cɔː/ | — /—/ |
| Cat | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Eat | mʷoŋoo /mwoŋoː/ | — /—/ | maan /maːn/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | *ɟaː /ɟaː/ | — /—/ |
| Drink | úlú /uːlu/ | — /—/ | minum /minum/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| One | yete /jete/ | — /—/ | nata /nata/ | unu /ˈu.nu/ | — /—/ | *muːj /muːj/ | — /—/ |
| Two | riuuw /ɾiːuw/ | dús /duːs/ | naroa /naroa/ | dur /dur/ | *sin- /sin-/ | *ɓaːr /ɓaːr/ | r!ii /ɽ͡ʘiː/ |
| Hello | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Thank you | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
| Good | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | — /—/ |
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