𗼇𗟲

Tangut

Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic) · historical / hidden variety

FamilySino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic) SpeakersExtinct (~11th-13th c. CE) ScriptTangut script (logographic, ~6,000 characters, designed 1036 by Yeli Renrong) CountriesWestern Xia Official inWestern Xia (Tangut) Empire (1038-1227 CE) Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3txg

Proto-Japonic-Koreanic (PJK) is a hypothesized common ancestor of the Japonic and Koreanic language families. The hypothesis is contested: Whitman (2012), Robbeets (2015) — and Robbeets et al. (2021) Transeurasian — argue for a shared ancestor whose speakers brought wet-rice farming from the southern Korean peninsula (Mumun) to the Japanese archipelago (Yayoi). Vovin (2010) and others reject the connection, noting that proposed cognates concentrate in cultural/farming vocabulary (rice, paddy, millet, silkworm) rather than basic vocabulary like water/fire/sun — which is the major reason the hypothesis remains controversial. Nearly all 20-word Swadesh-style cells here are intentionally left as "—" to reflect this gap.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Tangut

Water

𗀚

/tjɨ˧/

Fire

𘎩

/me˧/

Sun

𘂴

/pjij˧˥/

Moon

𗏯

/lja˧˥/

Star

𗄓

/gjɨ˧˥/

Mother

𘎒

/ma˧˥/

Father

𗥃

/pa˧/

I

𗧓

/ŋa˧˥/

You

𘀍

/nja˧˥/

Name

𗥠

/mjij˧˥/

Eye

𗞴

/mjij˧/

Hand

𘀔

/lje˧/

Heart

𘃠

/njij˧˥/

Love

𗙊

/lhjij˧˥/

Tree

𘀇

/sji˧/

House

𗩴

/kʰjwa˧˥/

Dog

𗋒

/kʰwjɨ˧/

Cat

𗦷

/mji˧˥/

Eat

𗅋

/dzjij˧˥/

Drink

𘉞

/tʰjij˧˥/

One

𘈩

/lew˧˥/

Two

𗍫

/njɨ˧/

Hello

/—/

Thank you

/—/

Good

𗏁

/tsji˧/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman, Qiangic) languages

Meaning TangutTujiaNaxiAzheHui Chinese (Wuyuan)AkhaWenzhou Wu
Water 𗀚 /tjɨ˧/ zi /tsɨ˥˧/ ggee /ɡɯ̄/ ʑɿ /ʑɿ˧˧/ /ɕy˥˧/ i tsi /i˧tsɨ˧/ /sɿ˧˥/
Fire 𘎩 /me˧/ mi /mi˥˧/ mee /mɯ˧/ mi /mī/ /xu˥˧/ mji /mji˧/ /hu˧˥/
Sun 𘂴 /pjij˧˥/ ni /ni˧˥/ ny-mei /ɲi˧mi˧/ ŋni /ŋnʲi˧˧/ /—/ nyi ma /ɲi˧ma˧/ 日头 /zai˨˩˧dau˧˩/
Moon 𗏯 /lja˧˥/ nie /nie˧˥/ he-mei /hɯ˧mi˧/ ɬɛ /ɬɛ˧˧/ 月光 /yo˧˩kuaŋ˧˥/ ba la /ba˧la˧/ 月光 /ɦyø˨˩˧kuɔ˧˧/
Star 𗄓 /gjɨ˧˥/ sei /sei˥˧/ gee /kɯ˧/ kɿ /kɿ˧/ /ɕiã˧˩/ aqgeu /a˨˩ɡɯ˥/ /saŋ˧/
Mother 𘎒 /ma˧˥/ a-mie /a˧mie˧/ mei /mei˧/ amo /amo˧˧/ /ma˧˧/ a ma /a˧ma˧/ 阿娘 /a˧˩ɲiɛ˧˩/
Father 𗥃 /pa˧/ a-pa /a˧pa˧/ av /a˧/ ada /ada˧˧/ /pa˥˧/ a da /a˧da˧/ 阿爸 /a˧˩pa˧˧/
I 𗧓 /ŋa˧˥/ nga /ŋa˧˥/ ngeq /ŋə˨˩/ ŋa /ŋā/ /ŋo˧˩/ nga /ŋa˧/ /ŋ˧˩/
Page 1/4

Han readings compared

Compared with related Sino-Tibetan > Qiangic languages

Character TangutCentral BaiChongqing MandarinOld Xiang (Shuangfeng)DunganMiddle KoreanSichuan Mandarin
lew1 /lew˩/ it6 /ʔit̚˨˨˨/ yi²¹ /i˨˩/ i /i˨˦/ yi¹ /ji˦/ ·qilq /ʔilʔ˥/ yi²¹ /i˨˩/
nyy2 /ɲɨː˨/ nox3 /no˨˩˦/ er²¹⁴ /ɚ˨˩˦/ er /ɚ˨˩/ er³ /ɚ˥˩/ ·zi /zi˥/ er²¹³ /ɚ˨˩˧/
soo2 /soː˨/ sae1 /sæ˥/ san⁵⁵ /san˥˥/ san /san˧˧/ san¹ /san˦/ sam /sam˩/ san⁵⁵ /san˥˥/
lier2 /liər˨/ sv4 /sɿ˨˩/ si²¹⁴ /sɿ˨˩˦/ si /sɿ˦˥/ sy³ /sɨ˥˩/ ·sʌ /sʌ˥/ si²¹³ /sɿ˨˩˧/
ngwu1 /ŋwu˩/ ngux3 /ŋu˨˩˦/ wu⁴² /u˦˨/ u /u˦˩/ /u˨˦/ :ngwo /ŋo˩˥/ wu⁵³ /u˥˧/
chhiw2 /tɕʰiw˨/ lox6 /lo˨˨˨/ liu²¹ /liəu˨˩/ leu /ləu˨˦/ lyu³ /lju˥˩/ ·lyuk /ljuk̚˥/ neu²¹ /nəu˨˩/
shja1 /ɕja˩/ chi1 /tɕʰi˦˦/ qi²¹ /tɕʰi˨˩/ qi /tɕʰi˨˦/ chi¹ /tɕʰi˦/ ·chilq /tsʰilʔ˥/ qi²¹ /tɕʰi˨˩/
ghjar2 /ɣjar˨/ be2 /pe˧˥/ ba²¹ /pa˨˩/ pa /pa˨˦/ ba¹ /pa˦/ ·palq /palʔ˥/ ba²¹ /pa˨˩/
ghew2 /ɣew˨/ jiux3 /tɕiu˨˩˦/ jiu⁴² /tɕiəu˦˨/ jieu /tɕiəu˦˩/ jyu² /tɕju˨˦/ :kwu /ku˩˥/ jiu⁵³ /tɕiəu˥˧/
gha2 /ɣa˨/ cix6 /tsʰɿ˨˨˨/ si²¹ /sɿ˨˩/ zhi /ʑɿ˨˦/ shy² /ʂɨ˨˦/ ·ssip /s͈ip̚˥/ si²¹ /sɿ˨˩/
Page 1/7

Part of LangMap — a linguistic visualization project. This is a static, crawlable summary; the interactive maps offer pronunciation audio, filters, and a globe view.