Skarù:rę'
Tuscarora
Iroquoian (Northern, Tuscarora-Nottoway)
Tuscarora (Skarù:rę', "shirt-wearing people") is a Northern Iroquoian language whose speakers originally inhabited present-day eastern North Carolina. After the Tuscarora War (1711-1715), most migrated north to join the Five Nations Iroquois Confederacy as the Sixth Nation, settling primarily in upstate New York and on the Six Nations Reserve in Ontario. Critically endangered; the Tuscarora School (Niagara Falls NY) and language program at Six Nations Polytechnic conduct revitalization.
Where it is spoken
20 core words in Tuscarora
Water
awę:
/awɛ̃ː/
Fire
ujihst
/udʒihst/
Sun
hęhts
/hɛ̃hts/
Moon
hęhts uri:węh
/hɛ̃hts uɾiːwɛ̃h/
Mother
raknų:hak
/ɾaknũːhak/
Father
rakhnih
/ɾakhnih/
Eat
kré:nuʼ
/kɾeːnuʔ/
Drink
kré:hwiʼ
/kɾeːhwiʔ/
Love
krunyę:tas
/kɾuɲɛ̃ːtas/
Heart
kęhsa'
/kɛ̃hsaʔ/
Tree
nyęt
/ɲɛ̃t/
House
kanéhse'ę
/kanehseʔɛ̃/
Dog
čerʼ
/tʃeɾʔ/
Cat
takʼo:s
/takʔoːs/
Hand
kéhskweh
/kehskweh/
Eye
ka:tæk
/kaːtæk/
Hello
skę:nu
/skɛ̃ːnu/
Thank you
nyaʼwę:
/ɲaʔwɛ̃ː/
One
ę:cæ
/ɛ̃ːtsæ/
Good
unę:tsweht
/unɛ̃ːtsweht/
Sources
Words compared
Compared with related Iroquoian (Northern, Tuscarora-Nottoway) languages
| Meaning | Tuscarora | Onondaga | Cayuga | Swedish | Greek (Ancient) | Beja | Konkani |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | awę: /awɛ̃ː/ | ohnekano:s /ohnekanoːs/ | ohnekanos /ohnekanos/ | vatten /vatːɛn/ | ὕδωρ /hýdɔːr/ | yam /jam/ | उदक /udək/ |
| Fire | ujihst /udʒihst/ | oji:staʼ /odʒiːstaʔ/ | ojistaʼ /odʒistaʔ/ | eld /ɛld/ | πῦρ /pŷːr/ | neʼaat /neʔaːt/ | उज्जो /udʒːo/ |
| Sun | hęhts /hɛ̃hts/ | gaeh'kwa /ɡaehʔkwa/ | gaehkwa /ɡaehkwa/ | sol /suːl/ | ἥλιος /hɛ́ːlios/ | yint /jint/ | सूर्य /suɾjə/ |
| Moon | hęhts uri:węh /hɛ̃hts uɾiːwɛ̃h/ | gaeh'kwa enitha /ɡaehʔkwa enitha/ | sǫi:ya /sõːja/ | måne /moːnɛ/ | σελήνη /selɛ́ːnɛː/ | tirig /tiɾiɡ/ | चंद्र /tʃəndɾə/ |
| Mother | raknų:hak /ɾaknũːhak/ | ekno:ha' /eknoːhaʔ/ | agniha /aɡniha/ | mamma /mamːa/ | μήτηρ /mɛ́ːtɛːr/ | indee /iːndeː/ | आवय /aːʋəj/ |
| Father | rakhnih /ɾakhnih/ | hak'no:ha' /hakʔnoːhaʔ/ | hagʼniha /haɡʔniha/ | pappa /papːa/ | πατήρ /patɛ́ːr/ | baab /baːb/ | बापुय /baːpuj/ |
| Eat | kré:nuʼ /kɾeːnuʔ/ | ekho:ne' /ekʰoːneʔ/ | gekho /ɡekʰo/ | äta /ɛːta/ | ἐσθίειν /estʰíeːn/ | tame /tame/ | खांव /kʰaːũ/ |
| Drink | kré:hwiʼ /kɾeːhwiʔ/ | ehnega:i'ron /ehneɡaːiʔron/ | gehnegira /ɡehneɡira/ | dricka /drɪkːa/ | πίνειν /píneːn/ | gwaʼa /ɡʷaʕa/ | पिएंव /pieːũ/ |
| Love | krunyę:tas /kɾuɲɛ̃ːtas/ | gaonihsdá:wę /ɡaonihsdaːwɛ̃/ | gaihwiyu /ɡaihwiju/ | kärlek /ɕæːɭɛk/ | ἀγάπη /aɡápɛː/ | kima /kima/ | मोग /moɡ/ |
| Heart | kęhsa' /kɛ̃hsaʔ/ | awé:ri /aweːri/ | awéri /aweri/ | hjärta /ˈjæʈːa/ | καρδία /kardía/ | ginʼa /ɡinʕa/ | काळीज /kaːɭiːdʒ/ |
| Tree | nyęt /ɲɛ̃t/ | ga:enda' /ɡaːendaʔ/ | gaentaʼ /ɡaentaʔ/ | träd /trɛːd/ | δένδρον /déndron/ | hindeb /hindeb/ | रूख /ɾuːkʰ/ |
| House | kanéhse'ę /kanehseʔɛ̃/ | ganǫhsoht /ɡanõhsoht/ | ganǫhsoot /ɡanõhsoːt/ | hus /hʉːs/ | οἶκος /oîkos/ | gaw /ɡaw/ | घर /ɡʱəɾ/ |
| Dog | čerʼ /tʃeɾʔ/ | só:wa:s /soːwaːs/ | shǫkáos /ʃõkaos/ | hund /hɵnd/ | κύων /kýɔːn/ | yas /jas/ | सुणें /suɳẽ/ |
| Cat | takʼo:s /takʔoːs/ | takó:s /takoːs/ | ditshokwáʔ /ditʃokwaʔ/ | katt /katː/ | αἴλουρος /aíluːros/ | kabsoot /kabsoːt/ | माजर /maːdʒəɾ/ |
| Hand | kéhskweh /kehskweh/ | onénǫhsa' /onenõhsaʔ/ | onénǫhsa /onenõhsa/ | hand /hand/ | χείρ /kʰéːr/ | ay /aj/ | हात /haːt/ |
| Eye | ka:tæk /kaːtæk/ | oga:tha' /oɡaːtʰaʔ/ | oga:t /oɡaːt/ | öga /øːɡa/ | ὀφθαλμός /opʰtʰalmós/ | liili /liːli/ | दोळो /doːɭo/ |
| Hello | skę:nu /skɛ̃ːnu/ | sgë:nǫʼ /skẽːnõʔ/ | sgë:nǫʼ /skẽːnõʔ/ | hej /hɛj/ | χαῖρε /kʰâire/ | salaam /salaːm/ | नमस्कार /nəməskaːɾ/ |
| Thank you | nyaʼwę: /ɲaʔwɛ̃ː/ | nya:wę' /njaːwɛ̃ʔ/ | niáwę /niawɛ̃/ | tack /takː/ | εὐχαριστῶ /eukʰaristɔ̂ː/ | baraʼoo /baɾaʕoː/ | देव बरें करूं /deʋ bəɾẽ kəɾũ/ |
| One | ę:cæ /ɛ̃ːtsæ/ | ska:t /skaːt/ | skat /skat/ | en /eːn/ | εἷς /hêːs/ | gaal /ɡaːl/ | एक /eːk/ |
| Good | unę:tsweht /unɛ̃ːtsweht/ | oyá:nre /ojaːnre/ | oyanre /ojanre/ | bra /brɑː/ | ἀγαθόν /aɡatʰón/ | dabaab /dabaːb/ | बरो /bəɾo/ |
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