Sandawe

Khoisan (proposed isolate or with Hadza)

FamilyKhoisan (proposed isolate or with Hadza) Speakers~60K ScriptLatin (with click letters ǀ ǁ ǂ ǃ) CountriesTanzania (Kondoa District) Official inNo (recognized minority) Vitalityvulnerable ISO 639-3sad

Sandawe is a click language of central Tanzania, sometimes proposed as a Khoe relative or grouped with Hadza, but generally considered a language isolate. It has four phonemic click types (dental, alveolar, lateral, palatal) and a five-tone system, making it one of the phonologically most complex languages in Africa. About 60,000 Sandawe live in the rocky uplands of Dodoma Region, retaining hunter-gatherer traditions and rock-art heritage that link them culturally to the Khoesan world.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Sandawe

Water

tsʼa

/tsʼa/

Fire

tsʼoo

/tsʼoː/

Sun

kʼɔɔ

/kʼɔː/

Moon

tsoa

/tsoa/

Mother

yei

/jei/

Father

ai

/ai/

Eat

ǁee

/ǁeː/

Drink

ʔee

/ʔeː/

Love

kalokisi

/kalokisi/

Heart

ǁʼampoo

/ǁʼampoː/

Tree

hetsʼee

/hetsʼeː/

House

ge

/ɡe/

Dog

ǀɔɔ

/ǀɔː/

Cat

misho

/miʃo/

Hand

kxʼaa

/kxʼaː/

Eye

gaa

/ɡaː/

Hello

gabaeesa

/ɡabaeːsa/

Thank you

musʼokoyo

/musʼokojo/

One

tsʼekʼe

/tsʼekʼe/

Good

tlʼobe

/tɬʼobe/

Words compared

Compared with related Khoisan (proposed isolate or with Hadza) languages

Meaning SandaweWayuuAguacatecoBeromCoyutla TotonacYucatec MayaHausa
Water tsʼa /tsʼa/ wuin /wuin/ /aʔ/ /bi/ xkán /ʃkán/ jaʼ /haʔ/ ruwa /ɾuwaː/
Fire tsʼoo /tsʼoː/ siki /siki/ qʼaq /qʼaq/ /tʃa/ lhk'uyat /ɬkʼujat/ kʼáakʼ /kʼaːkʼ/ wuta /wuta/
Sun kʼɔɔ /kʼɔː/ kaʼi /kaʔi/ qʼijl /qʼihl/ kọs /kɔs/ chichiní /tʃitʃiní/ kʼiin /kʼiːn/ rana /ɾaːnaː/
Moon tsoa /tsoa/ kashi /kaʃi/ xahaw /ʃahaw/ cwèl /tʃwel/ papá /papá/ uj /uh/ wata /wata/
Mother yei /jei/ ei /ei/ naa /naː/ ne /ne/ tsé /tsé/ naʼ /naʔ/ uwa /uwaː/
Father ai /ai/ ashi /aʃi/ mam /mam/ da /da/ tlat /tɬat/ taata /taːta/ uba /ubaː/
Eat ǁee /ǁeː/ ekaa /ekaː/ wii /wiː/ /ɾi/ waan /waːn/ jaant /haːnt/ ci /tʃiː/
Drink ʔee /ʔeː/ asaa /asaː/ uuk /uːk/ nyaŋ /ɲaŋ/ oqoo /oqoː/ ukʼul /ukʼul/ sha /ʃaː/
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