Sandawe

Khoisan (proposed isolate or with Hadza)

FamilyKhoisan (proposed isolate or with Hadza) Speakers~60K ScriptLatin (with click letters ǀ ǁ ǂ ǃ) CountriesTanzania (Kondoa District) Official inNo (recognized minority) Vitalityvulnerable ISO 639-3sad

Sandawe is a click language of central Tanzania, sometimes proposed as a Khoe relative or grouped with Hadza, but generally considered a language isolate. It has four phonemic click types (dental, alveolar, lateral, palatal) and a five-tone system, making it one of the phonologically most complex languages in Africa. About 60,000 Sandawe live in the rocky uplands of Dodoma Region, retaining hunter-gatherer traditions and rock-art heritage that link them culturally to the Khoesan world.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Sandawe

Water

tsʼa

/tsʼa/

Fire

tsʼoo

/tsʼoː/

Sun

kʼɔɔ

/kʼɔː/

Moon

tsoa

/tsoa/

Star

hĩǀáwã

/hĩ́ǀáwã̀ː/

Mother

yei

/jei/

Father

ai

/ai/

I

tsi

/tsíː/

You

hapu

/hapu/

Name

ǁwâ

/ǁʷâ/

Eye

gaa

/ɡaː/

Hand

kxʼaa

/kxʼaː/

Heart

ǁʼampoo

/ǁʼampoː/

Love

kalokisi

/kalokisi/

Tree

hetsʼee

/hetsʼeː/

House

ge

/ɡe/

Dog

ǀɔɔ

/ǀɔː/

Cat

misho

/miʃo/

Eat

ǁee

/ǁeː/

Drink

ʔee

/ʔeː/

One

tsʼekʼe

/tsʼekʼe/

Two

kisó

/kísôxì/

Hello

gabaeesa

/ɡabaeːsa/

Thank you

musʼokoyo

/musʼokojo/

Good

tlʼobe

/tɬʼobe/

Words compared

Compared with related Khoisan (proposed isolate or with Hadza) languages

Meaning SandaweWayuuAguacatecoKurukhHausaBeromAramaic
Water tsʼa /tsʼa/ wuin /wuin/ /aʔ/ अम्म /amm/ ruwa /ɾuwaː/ /bi/ ܡܝܐ /majjaː/
Fire tsʼoo /tsʼoː/ siki /siki/ qʼaq /qʼaq/ चिच /tʃitʃ/ wuta /wuta/ /tʃa/ ܢܘܪܐ /nuːraː/
Sun kʼɔɔ /kʼɔː/ kaʼi /kaʔi/ qʼijl /qʼihl/ बेरी /beɾiː/ rana /ɾaːnaː/ kọs /kɔs/ ܫܡܫܐ /ʃemʃaː/
Moon tsoa /tsoa/ kashi /kaʃi/ xahaw /ʃahaw/ चांदो /tʃaːndoː/ wata /wata/ cwèl /tʃwel/ ܣܗܪܐ /sahraː/
Star hĩǀáwã /hĩ́ǀáwã̀ː/ jolotsü /holotsɨ/ chumeʼl /tʃumeʔl/ बिनको /binkoː/ tauraro /tauraːro/ taŋaten /taŋaˈten/ ܟܘܟܒܐ /koːχβaː/
Mother yei /jei/ ei /ei/ naa /naː/ अयो /ajoː/ uwa /uwaː/ ne /ne/ ܐܡܐ /ʔemmaː/
Father ai /ai/ ashi /aʃi/ mam /mam/ बाबा /baːbaː/ uba /ubaː/ da /da/ ܐܒܐ /ʔabbaː/
I tsi /tsíː/ taya /taja/ in /in/ एन /eːn/ ni /niː/ /me/ ܐܢܐ /ʔanaː/
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