pa̠rauk
Parauk Wa
Austroasiatic (Palaungic)
Parauk Wa (ISO 639-3: prk), also called Wa or Paraok, is a Waic language of the Palaungic branch of Austroasiatic, spoken by roughly 399,000–849,000 people across northeastern Myanmar and adjacent Yunnan, China. It is the largest and most widely standardized Wa variety, alongside other varieties such as Awa and Vo. Its sound system contrasts clear and breathy registers, has a large inventory of initial consonants and clusters, and uses no inflection on verbs; tense, aspect, modality, and negation are expressed mainly by particles. Both VSO and SVO orders are common, with information structure influencing their choice. Parauk is written in several Latin-based orthographies, including Bible-derived and later Wa State and Chinese systems.
Where it is spoken
31 core words in Parauk Wa
Water
tʃɔː
/tʃɔː/
Fire
miː
/miː/
Sun
waː
/waː/
Moon
lɔː
/lɔː/
Star
si-ngai
/sŋaɪ/
Mother
maː
/maː/
Father
pʰaː
/pʰaː/
I
ê
/ʔɤʔ/
You
mêh
/mɤʔ/
Name
yaom
/jɔm/
Eye
miːn
/miːn/
Hand
miːk
/miːk/
Heart
sɛɛ
/sɛɛ/
Love
rəŋ
/rəŋ/
Tree
tʰɔː
/tʰɔː/
House
miː
/miː/
Dog
kʰɔː
/kʰɔː/
Cat
mɛː
/mɛː/
Eat
sɛː
/sɛː/
Drink
pə
/pə/
One
tʃit
/tʃit/
Two
rao
/ra̤ɯ/
Hello
sawʔdiː
/sawʔdiː/
Thank you
tʰɔk
/tʰɔk/
Good
jɔː
/jɔː/
Words compared
Compared with related Austroasiatic (Palaungic) languages
| Meaning | Parauk Wa | Khmu | Southern Qiang | Old Thai (Sukhothai) | Okinawan | Eastern Lawa | Norwegian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | tʃɔː /tʃɔː/ | ɔm /ʔɔm/ | tʃʰu /tʃʰu/ | น้ำ /naːm/ | 水 /midʑi/ | lo /lo/ | vann /vɑnː/ |
| Fire | miː /miː/ | ʔus /ʔus/ | miː /miː/ | ไฟ /faj/ | ふぃー /ɸiː/ | nem /nem/ | ild /ilː/ |
| Sun | waː /waː/ | maŋ /maŋ/ | ɲit /ɲit/ | ตะวัน /tawan/ | てぃーだ /tiːda/ | vüa /vɨa/ | sol /suːl/ |
| Moon | lɔː /lɔː/ | kee /keː/ | ʐwaː /ʐwaː/ | เดือน /dɯːan/ | 月 /tɕitɕi/ | mëi /məi/ | måne /moːnə/ |
| Star | si-ngai /sŋaɪ/ | sənʔaang /sənʔaːŋ/ | zgɿ /zɡɿ/ | ดาว /daːw/ | ふし /ɸuɕi/ | sngaɰ /sŋaɰ/ | stjerne /ˈʂæːɳə/ |
| Mother | maː /maː/ | mɔɔʔ /mɔːʔ/ | miː /miː/ | แม่ /mɛː/ | あんまー /ʔammaː/ | ame /ame/ | mor /muːr/ |
| Father | pʰaː /pʰaː/ | ʔaaʔ /ʔaːʔ/ | pə /pə/ | พ่อ /pʰɔː/ | すー /suː/ | apa /apa/ | far /fɑːr/ |
| I | ê /ʔɤʔ/ | oʔ /ʔoʔ/ | qa /qɑ/ | กู /kuː/ | わん /waɴ/ | ʔoʔ /ʔoʔ/ | jeg /jæɪ/ |
| You | mêh /mɤʔ/ | meʔ /meʔ/ | ʔu /ʔũ/ | มึง /mɯŋ/ | やー /ʔjaː/ | maiʔ /maɪʔ/ | du /dʉː/ |
| Name | yaom /jɔm/ | hmɔh /hmɔh/ | rmə /rmə/ | ชื่อ /tɕʰɯː/ | なー /naː/ | yum /jɔm/ | navn /nɑʋn/ |
| Eye | miːn /miːn/ | ŋtaa /ŋtaː/ | mit /mit/ | ตา /taː/ | 目 /miː/ | mat /mat/ | øye /øjə/ |
| Hand | miːk /miːk/ | tii /tiː/ | kʰaː /kʰaː/ | มือ /mɯː/ | 手 /tiː/ | miŋ /miŋ/ | hånd /hɔnː/ |
| Heart | sɛɛ /sɛɛ/ | kruɛŋ /kruɛŋ/ | ɲit /ɲit/ | ใจ /tɕaj/ | 心 /kukuɾu/ | kavüa /kavɨa/ | hjerte /jæɾtə/ |
| Love | rəŋ /rəŋ/ | kɔɔh /kɔːh/ | pʰo /pʰo/ | รัก /rak/ | 情き /nasaki/ | kruŋ /kɾuŋ/ | kjærlighet /çæːɾliheːt/ |
| Tree | tʰɔː /tʰɔː/ | cmuul /tʃmuːl/ | tʃʰoː /tʃʰoː/ | ไม้ /maːj/ | 木 /kiː/ | ŋoŋ /ŋoŋ/ | tre /treː/ |
| House | miː /miː/ | kaaŋ /kaːŋ/ | kʰə /kʰə/ | เรือน /rɯːan/ | 家 /jaː/ | nyëa /ɲəa/ | hus /hʉːs/ |
| Dog | kʰɔː /kʰɔː/ | cɔ /tʃɔ/ | kʰwe /kʰwe/ | หมา /maː/ | 犬 /ʔiɴ/ | ke /ke/ | hund /hʉnː/ |
| Cat | mɛː /mɛː/ | meeo /meːo/ | maː /maː/ | แมว /mɛːw/ | まやー /majaː/ | mai /mai/ | katt /kɑtː/ |
| Eat | sɛː /sɛː/ | caa /tʃaː/ | tʃʰə /tʃʰə/ | กิน /kin/ | 食でぃ /kadi/ | ngui /ŋui/ | spise /spiːsə/ |
| Drink | pə /pə/ | ɲɔɔp /ɲɔːp/ | ʂu /ʂu/ | กิน /kin/ | 飲でぃ /nudi/ | ndüet /ndɨət/ | drikke /drɪkːə/ |
| One | tʃit /tʃit/ | muei /muei/ | tʃʰik /tʃʰik/ | หนึ่ง /nɯŋ/ | 一 /tiːtɕi/ | mvüa /mvɨa/ | en /eːn/ |
| Two | rao /ra̤ɯ/ | baar /baːr/ | ɣnə /ɣnə/ | สอง /sɔːŋ/ | たーち /taːtɕi/ | lʔua /lʔua/ | to /tuː/ |
| Hello | sawʔdiː /sawʔdiː/ | lɔh /lɔh/ | niə /niə/ | — /—/ | はいさい /haisai/ | lavüa /lavɨa/ | hei /hɛɪ/ |
| Thank you | tʰɔk /tʰɔk/ | ɔrkun /ʔɔrkun/ | — /—/ | — /—/ | にふぇーでーびる /niɸeːdeːbiɾu/ | kop khun /kop kʰun/ | takk /tɑkː/ |
| Good | jɔː /jɔː/ | gee /ɡeː/ | kʰo /kʰo/ | ดี /diː/ | ゆたさん /jutasaɴ/ | hua /hua/ | bra /brɑː/ |
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