Kmhmu'

Khmu

Austroasiatic (Mon-Khmer, Khmuic)

FamilyAustroasiatic (Mon-Khmer, Khmuic) Speakers~700K ScriptLatin (multiple competing orthographies; no single national standard) CountriesLaos, Vietnam, Thailand, China Official inNo (Lao is the sole official language of Laos; Khmu is a recognized minority language) Vitalitysafe ISO 639-3kjg

Khmu (ISO 639-3: kjg), also written Kmhmu or Kammu, is a Khmuic language of the Austroasiatic family spoken by roughly 700,000 people, primarily in northern Laos and in neighboring Vietnam, Thailand, and southern China. It comprises a broad dialect continuum with no single standard variety. Eastern dialects preserve contrasts among voiced, voiceless, and aspirated initial consonants, whereas many western dialects replaced earlier voicing with clear-versus-breathy register or tones, making Khmu important in studies of tonogenesis. Khmu is highly isolating, lacks inflectional morphology, and has basic SVO order, while derivation and serial-verb constructions remain productive. It is written variously in Lao, Thai, and Latin-based orthographies, whose use differs by country and community.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Khmu

Water

ɔm

/ʔɔm/

Fire

ʔus

/ʔus/

Sun

maŋ

/maŋ/

Moon

kee

/keː/

Star

sənʔaang

/sənʔaːŋ/

Mother

mɔɔʔ

/mɔːʔ/

Father

ʔaaʔ

/ʔaːʔ/

I

/ʔoʔ/

You

meʔ

/meʔ/

Name

hmɔh

/hmɔh/

Eye

ŋtaa

/ŋtaː/

Hand

tii

/tiː/

Heart

kruɛŋ

/kruɛŋ/

Love

kɔɔh

/kɔːh/

Tree

cmuul

/tʃmuːl/

House

kaaŋ

/kaːŋ/

Dog

/tʃɔ/

Cat

meeo

/meːo/

Eat

caa

/tʃaː/

Drink

ɲɔɔp

/ɲɔːp/

One

muei

/muei/

Two

baar

/baːr/

Hello

lɔh

/lɔh/

Thank you

ɔrkun

/ʔɔrkun/

Good

gee

/ɡeː/

Words compared

Compared with related Austroasiatic (Mon-Khmer, Khmuic) languages

Meaning KhmuParauk WaMlabriShwe PalaungNorthern KhmerWaEastern Bru
Water ɔm /ʔɔm/ tʃɔː /tʃɔː/ om /om/ ʔoːm /ʔoːm/ ទឹក /tək/ rom /rɔm/ daak /daːk/
Fire ʔus /ʔus/ miː /miː/ ʔus /ʔus/ ŋal /ŋal/ ភ្លើង /pʰlɤːŋ/ ngo /ŋo/ oih /ʔoiʔ/
Sun maŋ /maŋ/ waː /waː/ ŋay /ŋai/ saŋi /saŋi/ ថ្ងៃ /tŋai/ cangaiʔ /tʃaŋaiʔ/ mat plei /mat plei/
Moon kee /keː/ lɔː /lɔː/ thel /tʰel/ kɨr /kɨr/ ខែ /kʰae/ khaiʔ /kʰaiʔ/ kasai /kasai/
Star sənʔaang /sənʔaːŋ/ si-ngai /sŋaɪ/ smaːŋ /smaːŋ/ hərngɔ /hərŋɔ/ ផ្កាយ /pkaːj/ si-ngai /səŋaɪ/ mansơ /mənsɤ/
Mother mɔɔʔ /mɔːʔ/ maː /maː/ mɛʔ /mɛʔ/ mɛʔ /mɛʔ/ ម៉ែ /maɛ/ yaʔ /jaʔ/ amey /amej/
Father ʔaaʔ /ʔaːʔ/ pʰaː /pʰaː/ paʔ /paʔ/ paʔ /paʔ/ ប៉ា /paː/ paiʔ /paiʔ/ amung /amuŋ/
I /ʔoʔ/ ê /ʔɤʔ/ oh /ʔoh/ ʔɔ /ʔɔ/ អញ /ʔaɲ/ ex /ʔɤ/ cứq /kɯʔ/
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