ⲛⲟⲩⲃⲓⲁ ⲡⲁⲡⲁⲗⲁ

Old Nubian

Nilo-Saharan (Eastern Sudanic) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyNilo-Saharan (Eastern Sudanic) SpeakersExtinct (~8-15c. CE; Nobiin/Mahas-Fadicca are descendants) ScriptCoptic-derived alphabet with extra Old Nubian letters CountriesChristian Nubia (Makuria, Alodia; modern Sudan) Official inChristian Nubian kingdoms Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3onw

Old Nubian was the literary language of the Christian Nubian kingdoms of Makuria and Alodia (8-15c.). Well-attested via translations of the Bible, liturgical texts, and legal documents discovered at sites like Qasr Ibrim and Old Dongola. The script is based on Coptic with three additional letters for Nubian sounds. Modern Nobiin and Mahas-Fadicca are direct descendants.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Old Nubian

Water

ⲁⲙ

/am/

Fire

ⲓⲕ

/ik/

Sun

ⲙⲁⲥⲁⲗ

/masal/

Moon

ⲟⲩⲣⲟⲛ

/uron/

Mother

ⲉⲛ

/en/

Father

ⲁⲃ

/ab/

Eat

ⲕⲁⲃ

/kab/

Drink

ϫⲓ

/dʒi/

Love

ⲇⲟⲩⲗⲗ

/dull/

Heart

ⲉⲓⲡ

/eip/

Tree

ⲕⲟ

/ko/

House

ⲇⲟⲩⲗ

/dul/

Dog

ⲡⲱⲗ

/poːl/

Cat

/—/

Hand

ⲇⲉⲥⲥⲓ

/dessi/

Eye

ⲙⲁⲥⲥⲓ

/massi/

Hello

ⲉⲓⲗⲗⲉ

/ille/

Thank you

ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲁ

/pista/

One

ⲱⲉⲣ

/wer/

Good

ⲇⲱⲗⲗⲉ

/dolle/

Words compared

Compared with related Nilo-Saharan (Eastern Sudanic) languages

Meaning Old NubianToraja-Sa'danIbanNawatIsthmus NahuatlNgajuPuyuma
Water ⲁⲙ /am/ uai /uai/ ai /ai/ at /at/ ahtli /aʔtli/ danum /danum/ enay /enai/
Fire ⲓⲕ /ik/ api /api/ api /api/ tit /tit/ tit /tit/ apui /apui/ apuy /apui/
Sun ⲙⲁⲥⲁⲗ /masal/ mata allo /mataʔalːo/ mata-ari /mataari/ tunal /tunal/ tonal /tonal/ matanandau /matanandau/ kadaw /kadaw/
Moon ⲟⲩⲣⲟⲛ /uron/ bulan /bulan/ bulan /bulan/ metsti /metsti/ metz /mets/ bulan /bulan/ kuwalan /kuwalan/
Mother ⲉⲛ /en/ indo /indo/ indai /indai/ nan /nan/ nan /nan/ indu /indu/ ina /ina/
Father ⲁⲃ /ab/ ambe /ambe/ apai /apai/ tat /tat/ tat /tat/ bapa /bapa/ ama /ama/
Eat ⲕⲁⲃ /kab/ kumande /kumande/ makai /makai/ takwa /takwa/ tacua /takʷa/ kuman /kuman/ kuman /kuman/
Drink ϫⲓ /dʒi/ ma'iru /maʔiru/ ngirup /ŋirup/ ati /ati/ ati /ati/ mihop /mihop/ enpa /enpa/
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