上古漢語

Old Chinese

Sinitic · historical / hidden variety

FamilySinitic SpeakersExtinct (~1250-200 BCE) ScriptOracle bone script / Bronze inscriptions / Seal script CountriesAncient China (Shang, Zhou, Spring and Autumn periods) Official inShang and Zhou dynasties Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3och

Old Chinese (上古漢語) is the earliest attested form of the Chinese language, used during the Shang and Zhou dynasties (c. 1250-200 BCE) and the source of the Chinese classics — Shijing, Shujing, Zuozhuan. Reconstructions by Baxter and Sagart (2014) propose a much richer consonant inventory with onset clusters and a sesquisyllabic structure quite unlike modern Chinese; lexical tones had not yet developed and arose later from segmental loss.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Old Chinese

Water

/*s.turʔ/

Fire

/*qʷʰˤəjʔ/

Sun

/*C.nik/

Moon

/*ŋʷat/

Star

/s-tsʰˤeŋ/

Mother

/*məʔ/

Father

/*baʔ/

I

/ŋˤajʔ/

You

/naʔ/

Name

/meŋ/

Eye

/*C.muk/

Hand

/*n̥uʔ/

Heart

/*səm/

Love

/*qˤəps/

Tree

/*C.mˤok/

House

/*s.tit/

Dog

/*kʷʰˤinʔ/

Cat

/—/

Eat

/*mə.lək/

Drink

/*qrəmʔ/

One

/*ʔit/

Two

/nijs/

Hello

/—/

Thank you

/*s.ɢAk-s/

Good

/*qʰˤuʔ/

Cuckoo

布穀

/*paːs kloːɡ/

Computer

/dru/

Sushi

/tsˤraʔ/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Sinitic languages

Meaning Old ChineseOld Korean (Silla)Chinese (Han dynasty Classical)PyuProto-Sino-TibetanGoryeo KoreanChinese (Tang dynasty Classical)
Water /*s.turʔ/ /*muɾ/ /ɕiwiɪʔ/ ʔuy /uj/ /—/ /*mwol/ /ɕyɪX/
Fire /*qʷʰˤəjʔ/ /*puɾ/ /huɑiʔ/ vyaŋ /wjaŋ/ *mey /mey/ /*pwol/ /xuɑX/
Sun /*C.nik/ /*hai/ /ȵit/ ño /ɲo/ *nəy /nəy/ /*hʌi/ /ȵit/
Moon /*ŋʷat/ 月羅理 /*tʌrari/ /ŋiuɑt/ hla /hla/ *s-la /s-la/ /*tʌl/ /ŋʉɐt/
Star /s-tsʰˤeŋ/ /—/ /seŋ/ kar /karʔ/ *s-kar /s-kar/ /—/ /sɛjŋ˧/
Mother /*məʔ/ 母史 /*əzi/ /muːʔ/ na /na/ *ma /ma/ 丫彌 /*emi/ /muX/
Father /*baʔ/ /*api/ /biuoʔ/ paʔ /paʔ/ *pa /pa/ 丫秘 /*api/ /bɨoX/
I /ŋˤajʔ/ /*na/ /ŋɑiˀ/ ŋa /ŋa/ *ŋa /ŋa/ /—/ /ŋɑ˧˩/
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