Ao (Chungli Ao: Ao, Mongsen Ao: Aa)
Ao Naga
Sino-Tibetan (Naga)
Ao Naga (ISO 639-3: njo) is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by about 260,000 first-language speakers, chiefly in Mokokchung district of Nagaland, northeastern India. Its principal varieties are Chungli, the prestige variety used for most literature and inter-village communication, and Mongsen; smaller varieties include Changki. Ao is tonal and has predominantly SOV order; Mongsen is highly agglutinative and mostly suffixing, with extensive verbal morphology and three lexical tones. A Latin-based orthography introduced through nineteenth-century missionary work is established for written Chungli and normally leaves tone unmarked. Ao is used in homes, churches, education, broadcasting, and a substantial body of printed and digital literature.
Where it is spoken
31 core words in Ao Naga
Water
apv
/ʌpʰ/
Fire
liju
/liːdʒu/
Sun
meino
/mei̯nɔ/
Moon
meishim
/mei̯ʃim/
Star
meɹok
/meɹok/
Mother
ama
/ʌmʌ/
Father
apa
/ʌpʰʌ/
I
ì
/ì/
You
na
/na/
Name
atü
/atɯ/
Eye
ami
/ʌmi/
Hand
atsü
/ʌts̺y/
Heart
thamar
/tʰʌmʌɹ/
Love
atülü
/ʌt̺ylʰy/
Tree
kesethi
/keseːtʰi/
House
khezo
/kʰeːzɔ/
Dog
tsia
/ts̺ʲɑ/
Cat
moka
/mɔkʰʌ/
Eat
taichü
/tai̯tʃʰy/
Drink
tsi
/ts̺i/
One
ai
/ai̯/
Two
aná
/ana/
Hello
alile
/ʌliːle/
Thank you
ateu
/ʌteu/
Good
khetü
/kʰetʰy/
Words compared
Compared with related Sino-Tibetan (Naga) languages
| Meaning | Ao Naga | Tangkhul Naga | Southern Qiang | Japanese (Aomori) | Japanese (Hiroshima) | Japanese (Kagoshima) | Drung |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | apv /ʌpʰ/ | ze /ze/ | tʃʰu /tʃʰu/ | 水 /mizɯ/ | 水 /mizɯ/ | 水 /midzɯ̥/ | ʃə /ʃə/ |
| Fire | liju /liːdʒu/ | mei /mei/ | miː /miː/ | 火 /hi/ | 火 /hi/ | 火っ /çiʔ/ | məə /məː/ |
| Sun | meino /mei̯nɔ/ | nyithui /ɲitʰui/ | ɲit /ɲit/ | 日 /hi/ | 日 /hi/ | お日さん /ohisaɴ/ | nɯ /nɯ/ |
| Moon | meishim /mei̯ʃim/ | lai /lai/ | ʐwaː /ʐwaː/ | 月 /tsɯki/ | 月 /tsɯki/ | 月 /tsɯki/ | məŋ /məŋ/ |
| Star | meɹok /meɹok/ | sira /siraː/ | zgɿ /zɡɿ/ | 星 /hoɕi/ | 星 /hoɕi/ | 星 /hoɕi/ | əkɯr /əkɯr/ |
| Mother | ama /ʌmʌ/ | ina /ina/ | miː /miː/ | かっちゃ /kattɕa/ | おふくろ /oɸɯkɯɾo/ | かか /kaka/ | ma /ma/ |
| Father | apa /ʌpʰʌ/ | apa /apa/ | pə /pə/ | とっちゃ /tottɕa/ | 親父 /ojadʑi/ | とと /toto/ | pa /pa/ |
| I | ì /ì/ | i /i/ | qa /qɑ/ | わ /wa/ | わし /waɕi/ | おい /oi/ | nga /ŋa/ |
| You | na /na/ | na /na/ | ʔu /ʔũ/ | な /na/ | あんた /anta/ | わい /wai/ | nə /nə/ |
| Name | atü /atɯ/ | amin /amin/ | rmə /rmə/ | 名前 /namae/ | 名前 /namae/ | 名前 /namae/ | bɯng /bɯŋ/ |
| Eye | ami /ʌmi/ | mi /mi/ | mit /mit/ | 目 /me/ | 目 /me/ | 目 /me/ | mik /mik/ |
| Hand | atsü /ʌts̺y/ | phei /pʰei/ | kʰaː /kʰaː/ | 手 /te/ | 手 /te/ | 手 /te/ | kə /kə/ |
| Heart | thamar /tʰʌmʌɹ/ | mokyaba /mokjaba/ | ɲit /ɲit/ | 心 /koɡoɾo/ | 心 /kokoɾo/ | 心 /kokoɾo/ | ʃəŋ /ʃəŋ/ |
| Love | atülü /ʌt̺ylʰy/ | cha /tʃa/ | pʰo /pʰo/ | 愛 /ai/ | 愛 /ai/ | 愛 /ai/ | ʃit /ʃit/ |
| Tree | kesethi /keseːtʰi/ | leiyik /leijik/ | tʃʰoː /tʃʰoː/ | 木 /ki/ | 木 /ki/ | 木 /ki/ | sim /sim/ |
| House | khezo /kʰeːzɔ/ | shim /ʃim/ | kʰə /kʰə/ | 家 /ie/ | 家 /ie/ | 家 /eː/ | im /im/ |
| Dog | tsia /ts̺ʲɑ/ | ui /ui/ | kʰwe /kʰwe/ | 犬 /inɯ/ | 犬 /inɯ/ | 犬 /iɴ/ | kʰja /kʰja/ |
| Cat | moka /mɔkʰʌ/ | mibu /mibu/ | maː /maː/ | ねご /neɡo/ | 猫 /neko/ | 猫 /neko/ | tsa /tsʰa/ |
| Eat | taichü /tai̯tʃʰy/ | ngui /ŋui/ | tʃʰə /tʃʰə/ | 食って /kɯtte/ | 食べて /tabete/ | 食うて /kɯːte/ | ʃə /ʃə/ |
| Drink | tsi /ts̺i/ | rai /rai/ | ʂu /ʂu/ | 飲んで /nonde/ | 飲んで /nonde/ | 飲うで /noːde/ | pə /pə/ |
| One | ai /ai̯/ | kha /kʰa/ | tʃʰik /tʃʰik/ | 一 /itɕi/ | 一 /itɕi/ | 一つ /çitotsɯ/ | tik /tik/ |
| Two | aná /ana/ | khani /kʰani/ | ɣnə /ɣnə/ | 二 /ni/ | 二 /ni/ | 二 /ni/ | əni /əni/ |
| Hello | alile /ʌliːle/ | hayau /hajau/ | niə /niə/ | どうも /doːmo/ | やあ /jaː/ | おやっとさあ /ojattosaː/ | ŋeŋ /ŋeŋ/ |
| Thank you | ateu /ʌteu/ | ase /ase/ | — /—/ | ありがどー /aɾiɡadoː/ | ありがとう /aɾiɡatoː/ | ありがとさげもす /aɾiɡatosaɡemosɯ/ | tʃʰɔ /tʃʰɔ/ |
| Good | khetü /kʰetʰy/ | kahei /kahei/ | kʰo /kʰo/ | 良くて /jokɯte/ | ええ /eː/ | 良かって /jokatte/ | la /la/ |
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