台灣客家話 (四縣腔)

Taiwanese Hakka

Sinitic (Hakka)

FamilySinitic (Hakka) Speakers~3M (~750K daily L1) ScriptHan characters (with PFS romanization for Hakka-specific words) CountriesTaiwan (Hsinchu, Miaoli, Pingtung, Taoyuan) Official inTaiwan (national language since 2018 Hakka Basic Act) Vitalitysafe ISO 639-3hak

Taiwanese Hakka descends from migrations of the Hakka people from southern China starting in the 17th-18th centuries. It is distinct from mainland Hakka in tones, vocabulary, and pronunciation. Major dialects include Sixian (the most common, used here, six tones), Hailu (seven tones), Dabu, Raoping, and Zhao'an. Recognized as a national language of Taiwan since the 2018 Hakka Basic Act, with active state-sponsored education, broadcast media (Hakka TV), and a Pe̍h-fa-sṳ romanization for Hakka-specific lexicon.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Taiwanese Hakka

Water

/sui˧˩/

Fire

/fo˧˩/

Sun

日頭

/ŋit˥tʰeu˩˩/

Moon

月光

/ŋiet˥ koŋ˨˦/

Star

/sen˨˦/

Mother

阿姆

/a˨˦me˨/

Father

阿爸

/a˨˦pa˨/

I

𠊎

/ŋai˩˩/

You

/ŋi˩˩/

Name

/miaŋ˩˩/

Eye

目珠

/muk˨tsu˨˦/

Hand

/su˧˩/

Heart

/sim˨˦/

Love

/siak˨/

Tree

樹仔

/su˥ e˧˩/

House

/vuk˨/

Dog

/keu˧˩/

Cat

貓仔

/meu˨˦ e˧˩/

Eat

/sit˥/

Drink

/lim˩˩/

One

/jit˨/

Two

/ŋi˥˥/

Hello

你好

/ŋi˩˩ ho˧˩/

Thank you

承蒙你

/sin˩˩ muŋ˩˩ ŋi˩˩/

Good

/ho˧˩/

Cuckoo

杜鵑

/tʰu˥˥kien˨˦/

Computer

電腦

/tʰien˥˥no˧˩/

Sushi

壽司

/su˥ si˧˩/

Words compared

Compared with related Sinitic (Hakka) languages

Meaning Taiwanese HakkaHakka ChineseHailu HakkaDongguan YuePinghuaGan (Jiʼan)Eastern Min
Water /sui˧˩/ /sui˧˩/ /ʃui˨˦/ /sui˧˥/ /ɬui˦˨/ /sui˨˩˧/ /tsui˧˩/
Fire /fo˧˩/ /fo˧˩/ /fo˨˦/ /fɔ˧˥/ /fu˦˨/ /fo˨˩˧/ /huoi˧˩/
Sun 日頭 /ŋit˥tʰeu˩˩/ 日头 /ŋit˧tʰeu˧˥/ 日頭 /ŋit˨˨tʰeu˨˦/ 日头 /jɐt˨tʰɐu˨˩/ 日头 /ŋit˨tʰɐu˦˦/ 日头 /ɲit˥tʰɛu˨/ 日头 /niʔ˧˧tʰau˧˧/
Moon 月光 /ŋiet˥ koŋ˨˦/ 月光 /ŋiet˧koŋ˥/ 月光 /ŋiet˥˥koŋ˥˥/ 月光 /jyt˨kʷɔŋ˥˥/ 月光 /ŋyt˨kwɔŋ˦˦/ 月光 /ŋyot˥kuɔŋ˦˨/ 月光 /ŋuoʔ˨˦kuoŋ˥˥/
Star /sen˨˦/ /sen˦/ /sen˥˧/ /sɛŋ˥/ /ɬɪŋ˥/ /ɕiaŋ˧˧/ /saŋ˥/
Mother 阿姆 /a˨˦me˨/ 阿姆 /a˥me˥/ 阿姆 /a˥˥me˥˥/ 阿妈 /a˧˧ma˥˥/ 阿妈 /a˦˦ma˦˦/ 妈妈 /ma˦˨ma˦˨/ 依妈 /i˥˥ma˧˧/
Father 阿爸 /a˨˦pa˨/ 阿爸 /a˥pa˥/ 阿爸 /a˥˥pa˥˥/ 阿爸 /a˧˧pa˥˥/ 阿爸 /a˦˦pa˦˦/ 爸爸 /pa˥pa˥/ 依爸 /i˥˥pa˥˥/
I 𠊎 /ŋai˩˩/ 𠊎 /ŋai˩/ 𠊎 /ŋai˥˥/ /ŋɔ˩˧/ /ŋo˨˩/ /ŋo˧˩/ /ŋuɑi˧/
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Han readings compared

Character Taiwanese HakkaMeixian HakkaHakka ChineseHuiyang HakkaShao-Jiang MinHailu HakkaGuibei Pinghua (Guilin)
id5 /it̚˨/ yit /jit̚˩/ yit /jit̚˨/ yit /jit̚˩/ it /it˨/ yit /jit̚˥/ it⁵ /it̚˥/
ngi4 /ŋi˥˥/ ngì /ŋi˥˧/ ngi /ŋi˥˥/ ngì /ŋi˥˧/ ngi /ŋi˧˥/ ngì /ŋi˧˧/ ni²² /ni˨˨/
sam1 /sam˨˦/ sâm /sam˦˦/ sâm /sam˦˦/ sâm /sam˧˧/ sang /saŋ˦/ sâm /sam˥˧/ sam⁵⁴ /saːm˥˦/
si4 /si˥˥/ /sɿ˥˧/ si /si˥˥/ /si˥˧/ si /si˥/ /si˩˩/ si²² /si˨˨/
ng3 /ŋ̩˧˩/ ńg /ŋ̍˧˩/ ńg /ŋ̩˧˩/ ńg /ŋ̍˧˩/ ng /ŋ̍˧/ ńg /ŋ̩˨˦/ ng²¹ /ŋ̍˨˩/
liug6 /liuk̚˥/ liu̍k /liuk̚˥/ liuk /liuk̚˥/ liu̍k /liuk̚˥/ liuk /liuk˥/ liu̍k /liuk̚˨/ lok²² /lok̚˨˨/
cid5 /tsʰit̚˨/ chhit /tsʰit̚˩/ chhit /tsʰit̚˨/ chhit /tsʰit̚˩/ chit /tsʰit˨/ chhit /tsʰit̚˥/ chat⁵ /tsʰɐt̚˥/
bad5 /pat̚˨/ pat /pat̚˩/ pat /pat̚˨/ pat /pat̚˩/ pat /pat˨/ pat /pat̚˥/ pat⁵ /pat̚˥/
giu3 /kiu˧˩/ kiú /kiu˧˩/ kiú /kiu˧˩/ kiú /kiu˧˩/ kiu /kiu˧˩/ kiú /kiu˨˦/ kau³⁵ /kɐu˧˥/
siib6 /sɨp̚˥/ sṳ̍p /sɨp̚˥/ sṳ̍p /sɨp̚˥/ si̍p /sip̚˥/ sip /sip˥/ shi̍p /ʃip̚˨/ sap²² /sɐp̚˨˨/
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