梅縣客家話

Meixian Hakka

Sinitic (Hakka)

FamilySinitic (Hakka) Speakers約 1,600万人 (梅縣音圏 ≒ 全客家話話者の約25%) Region廣東省東北部・梅州市梅縣区 — 客家文化発祥地・客家語の威信標準 RomanizationPha̍k-fa-sṳ (PFS / 客語白話字) ReadingMeixian Hakka (PFS romanization, tones 1-6)

Meixian Hakka — the prestige reference variety of Hakka, spoken in Meizhou (Guangdong), and the basis for Hakka pedagogy, dictionaries, and broadcast standards across mainland China. 6-tone system (T1 陰平 44, T2 陽平 11, T3 上 31, T4 去 53, T5 陰入 1, T6 陽入 5) with full preservation of Middle Chinese final stops -p / -t / -k. Hakka hallmark initials: 我 ngai, 客 hak, 食 sṳt, with voiced obstruents devoiced and aspirated regardless of original tone (the famous Hakka 'voiced → aspirated' shift).

Where it is spoken

Han character readings in Meixian Hakka

Character Meaning Reading Form IPA
one yit /jit̚˩/
two ngì /ŋi˥˧/
three sâm /sam˦˦/
four /sɿ˥˧/
five ńg /ŋ̍˧˩/
six liu̍k /liuk̚˥/
seven chhit /tsʰit̚˩/
eight pat /pat̚˩/
nine kiú /kiu˧˩/
ten sṳ̍p /sɨp̚˥/
sun ngi̍t /ŋit̚˥/
moon ngie̍t /ŋiet̚˥/
mountain sân /san˦˦/
water súi /sui˧˩/
fire /fo˧˩/
tree mu̍k /muk̚˥/
soil thú /tʰu˧˩/
sky thiên /tʰien˦˦/
ground thì /tʰi˥˧/
sea hói /hoi˧˩/
dragon liung /liuŋ˩˩/
tiger /fu˧˩/
dog khién /kʰien˧˩/
horse /ma˧˩/
bird tiáu /tiau˧˩/
fish ng /ŋ˩˩/
ox ngiu /ŋiu˩˩/
sheep yong /joŋ˩˩/
cat mêu /meu˦˦/
person ngin /ŋin˩˩/
hand /su˧˩/
foot chiuk /tɕiuk̚˩/
eye mu̍k /muk̚˥/
ear ngí /ŋi˧˩/
mouth khiéu /kʰieu˧˩/
head theu /tʰeu˩˩/
heart sîm /sim˦˦/
blood hiet /hiet̚˩/
meat ngiu̍k /ŋiuk̚˥/
up sòng /soŋ˥˧/
down /ha˥˧/
middle chûng /tsuŋ˦˦/
hit chùng /tsuŋ˥˧/
center yông /joŋ˦˦/
left chó /tso˧˩/
right /ju˥˧/
east tûng /tuŋ˦˦/
西 west /si˦˦/
south nam /nam˩˩/
north 白讀 pet /pet̚˩/
文讀 pak /pak̚˩/
go hang /haŋ˩˩/
row hòng /hoŋ˥˧/
come loi /loi˩˩/
leave /hi˥˧/
see kièn /kien˥˧/
hear vun /vun˩˩/
eat sṳ̍t /sɨt̚˥/
drink yím /jim˧˩/
run chéu /tseu˧˩/
sit chhó /tsʰo˧˩/
stand li̍p /lip̚˥/

Sources

Han readings compared

Compared with related Sinitic (Hakka) languages

Character Meixian HakkaHuiyang HakkaTaiwanese HakkaHakka ChineseHailu HakkaShao-Jiang MinPinghua
yit /jit̚˩/ yit /jit̚˩/ id5 /it̚˨/ yit /jit̚˨/ yit /jit̚˥/ it /it˨/ it⁵ /it̚˥/
ngì /ŋi˥˧/ ngì /ŋi˥˧/ ngi4 /ŋi˥˥/ ngi /ŋi˥˥/ ngì /ŋi˧˧/ ngi /ŋi˧˥/ ni²² /ni˨˨/
sâm /sam˦˦/ sâm /sam˧˧/ sam1 /sam˨˦/ sâm /sam˦˦/ sâm /sam˥˧/ sang /saŋ˦/ sam⁵⁴ /saːm˥˦/
/sɿ˥˧/ /si˥˧/ si4 /si˥˥/ si /si˥˥/ /si˩˩/ si /si˥/ si²² /si˨˨/
ńg /ŋ̍˧˩/ ńg /ŋ̍˧˩/ ng3 /ŋ̩˧˩/ ńg /ŋ̩˧˩/ ńg /ŋ̩˨˦/ ng /ŋ̍˧/ ng²¹ /ŋ̍˨˩/
liu̍k /liuk̚˥/ liu̍k /liuk̚˥/ liug6 /liuk̚˥/ liuk /liuk̚˥/ liu̍k /liuk̚˨/ liuk /liuk˨/ lok²² /lok̚˨˨/
chhit /tsʰit̚˩/ chhit /tsʰit̚˩/ cid5 /tsʰit̚˨/ chhit /tsʰit̚˨/ chhit /tsʰit̚˥/ chit /tsʰit˨/ chat⁵ /tsʰɐt̚˥/
pat /pat̚˩/ pat /pat̚˩/ bad5 /pat̚˨/ pat /pat̚˨/ pat /pat̚˥/ pat /pat˨/ pat⁵ /pat̚˥/
kiú /kiu˧˩/ kiú /kiu˧˩/ giu3 /kiu˧˩/ kiú /kiu˧˩/ kiú /kiu˨˦/ kiu /kiu˧˩/ kau³⁵ /kɐu˧˥/
sṳ̍p /sɨp̚˥/ si̍p /sip̚˥/ siib6 /sɨp̚˥/ sṳ̍p /sɨp̚˥/ shi̍p /ʃip̚˨/ sip /sip˥/ sap²² /sɐp̚˨˨/
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