台灣客家話 (四縣腔)

Taiwanese Hakka

Speakers約250万人 (台湾客家語) RomanizationTaiwanese Hakka Romanisation System (臺灣客家語拼音方案) ReadingTaiwanese Hakka (Sixian)

Taiwanese Sixian Hakka — Miaoli-centered prestige variety, descended from northeastern Guangdong Sixian (四縣) sub-group. 6-tone system, full retention of -p/-t/-k codas, and the Hakka signature voiced→aspirated shift.

Where it is spoken

Han character readings in Taiwanese Hakka

Character Meaning Reading Form IPA
one id5 /it̚˨/
two ngi4 /ŋi˥˥/
three sam1 /sam˨˦/
four si4 /si˥˥/
five ng3 /ŋ̩˧˩/
six liug6 /liuk̚˥/
seven cid5 /tsʰit̚˨/
eight bad5 /pat̚˨/
nine giu3 /kiu˧˩/
ten siib6 /sɨp̚˥/
sun ngid6 /ŋit̚˥/
moon ngied6 /ŋiet̚˥/
mountain san1 /san˨˦/
water sui3 /sui˧˩/
fire fo3 /fo˧˩/
tree mug6 /muk̚˥/
soil tu3 /tʰu˧˩/
sky tien1 /tʰien˨˦/
ground ti4 /tʰi˥˥/
sea hoi3 /hoi˧˩/
dragon liung2 /liuŋ˩˩/
tiger fu3 /fu˧˩/
dog kien3 /kʰien˧˩/
horse ma3 /ma˧˩/
bird diau3 /tiau˧˩/
fish ng2 /ŋ˩˩/
ox ngiu2 /ŋiu˩˩/
sheep iong2 /joŋ˩˩/
cat meu4 /meu˥˥/
person ngin2 /ŋin˩˩/
hand su3 /su˧˩/
foot jiug5 /tɕiuk̚˨/
eye mug6 /muk̚˥/
ear ngi3 /ŋi˧˩/
mouth kieu3 /kʰieu˧˩/
head teu2 /tʰeu˩˩/
heart sim1 /sim˨˦/
blood hied5 /hiet̚˨/
meat ngiug6 /ŋiuk̚˥/
up song4 /soŋ˥˥/
down ha4 /ha˥˥/
middle zung1 /tsuŋ˨˦/
hit zung4 /tsuŋ˥˥/
center iong1 /joŋ˨˦/
left zo3 /tso˧˩/
right iu4 /ju˥˥/
east dung1 /tuŋ˨˦/
西 west si1 /si˨˦/
south nam2 /nam˩˩/
north bed5 /pet̚˨/
go hang2 /haŋ˩˩/
row hong4 /hoŋ˥˥/
come loi2 /loi˩˩/
leave hi4 /hi˥˥/
see gien4 /kien˥˥/
hear vun2 /vun˩˩/
eat siid6 /sɨt̚˥/
drink im3 /jim˧˩/
run zeu3 /tseu˧˩/
sit co1 /tsʰo˨˦/
stand lib6 /lip̚˥/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Sinitic (Hakka) languages

Meaning Taiwanese HakkaHakka ChineseHailu HakkaDongguan YuePinghuaPu-Xian MinZhongshan Yue
Water /sui˧˩/ /sui˧˩/ /ʃui˨˦/ /sui˧˥/ /ɬui˦˨/ /ɬui˦˩/ /sɵy˧˥/
Fire /fo˧˩/ /fo˧˩/ /fo˨˦/ /fɔ˧˥/ /fu˦˨/ /hø˦˩/ /fɔ˧˥/
Sun 日頭 /ŋit˥ tʰeu˩˩/ 日头 /ŋit˧tʰeu˧˥/ 日頭 /ŋit˨˨tʰeu˨˦/ 日头 /jɐt˨˨tʰɐu˨˩/ 日头 /ŋit˨tʰɐu˦˦/ 日头 /lit˥˥tʰau˧˧/ 日頭 /jɐt˨ tʰɐu˨˩/
Moon 月光 /ŋiet˥ koŋ˨˦/ 月光 /ŋiet˧koŋ˥/ 月光 /ŋiet˥˥koŋ˥˥/ 月光 /jyt˨kʷɔŋ˥˥/ 月光 /ŋyt˨kwɔŋ˦˦/ /ɣueʔ˥˥/ 月光 /jyt˨ kwɔŋ˥˧/
Mother 阿姆 /a˨˦ me˨/ 阿姆 /a˥me˧/ 阿姆 /a˥˥me˥˥/ 阿妈 /a˧˧ma˥˥/ 阿妈 /a˦˦ma˦˦/ 老母 /lau˥˥bo˦˩/ 老母 /lou˩˧ mou˩˧/
Father 阿爸 /a˨˦ pa˨/ 阿爸 /a˥pa˥/ 阿爸 /a˥˥pa˥˥/ 阿爸 /a˧˧pa˥˥/ 阿爸 /a˦˦pa˦˦/ 老父 /lau˥˥pe˥˧/ 老豆 /lou˩˧ tɐu˨/
Eat /sit˥/ /sɨt˧/ /ʃit˥˥/ /sɪk˨/ /sɐk˨/ /siaʔ˥˥/ /sɪk˨/
Drink /lim˩˩/ /iam˧˩/ /lim˨˦/ /jɐm˧˥/ /ʔɐm˦˨/ /lim˧˧/ /jɐm˧˥/
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Han readings compared

Character Taiwanese HakkaMeixian HakkaHakka ChineseHuiyang HakkaShao-Jiang MinHailu HakkaPinghua
id5 /it̚˨/ yit /jit̚˩/ yit /jit̚˨/ yit /jit̚˩/ it /it˨/ yit /jit̚˥/ it⁵ /it̚˥/
ngi4 /ŋi˥˥/ ngì /ŋi˥˧/ ngi /ŋi˥˥/ ngì /ŋi˥˧/ ngi /ŋi˧˥/ ngì /ŋi˧˧/ ni²² /ni˨˨/
sam1 /sam˨˦/ sâm /sam˦˦/ sâm /sam˦˦/ sâm /sam˧˧/ sang /saŋ˦/ sâm /sam˥˧/ sam⁵⁴ /saːm˥˦/
si4 /si˥˥/ /sɿ˥˧/ si /si˥˥/ /si˥˧/ si /si˥/ /si˩˩/ si²² /si˨˨/
ng3 /ŋ̩˧˩/ ńg /ŋ̍˧˩/ ńg /ŋ̩˧˩/ ńg /ŋ̍˧˩/ ng /ŋ̍˧/ ńg /ŋ̩˨˦/ ng²¹ /ŋ̍˨˩/
liug6 /liuk̚˥/ liu̍k /liuk̚˥/ liuk /liuk̚˥/ liu̍k /liuk̚˥/ liuk /liuk˨/ liu̍k /liuk̚˨/ lok²² /lok̚˨˨/
cid5 /tsʰit̚˨/ chhit /tsʰit̚˩/ chhit /tsʰit̚˨/ chhit /tsʰit̚˩/ chit /tsʰit˨/ chhit /tsʰit̚˥/ chat⁵ /tsʰɐt̚˥/
bad5 /pat̚˨/ pat /pat̚˩/ pat /pat̚˨/ pat /pat̚˩/ pat /pat˨/ pat /pat̚˥/ pat⁵ /pat̚˥/
giu3 /kiu˧˩/ kiú /kiu˧˩/ kiú /kiu˧˩/ kiú /kiu˧˩/ kiu /kiu˧˩/ kiú /kiu˨˦/ kau³⁵ /kɐu˧˥/
siib6 /sɨp̚˥/ sṳ̍p /sɨp̚˥/ sṳ̍p /sɨp̚˥/ si̍p /sip̚˥/ sip /sip˥/ shi̍p /ʃip̚˨/ sap²² /sɐp̚˨˨/
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