Français classique

Classical French (17c., Bel Usage)

Indo-European (Italic, Romance, Gallo-Romance, Northern French; Classical 17c.) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyIndo-European (Italic, Romance, Gallo-Romance, Northern French; Classical 17c.) SpeakersHistorical literary form (~1650-1715 CE / Grand Siècle); active pedagogical use in French literary education ScriptLatin CountriesBourbon France (Louis XIII–Louis XV); Versailles court; Académie française Official inBourbon France court language; Académie française "le bel usage" standard Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3fra

Classical French / French of the Grand Siècle (Français classique, 17c.) is the French of the canonical Grand Siècle authors: Racine (Andromaque, Phèdre, Britannicus), Corneille (Le Cid, Polyeucte, Cinna), Molière (Tartuffe, Le Misanthrope, Le Malade imaginaire), La Fontaine (Fables), Pascal (Pensées, Lettres provinciales), Bossuet, La Bruyère (Caractères), Madame de Sévigné, Madame de La Fayette (La Princesse de Clèves). Codified by the Académie française (founded 1635 under Richelieu) and Vaugelas's Remarques sur la langue françoise (1647), the authoritative arbiter of "le bel usage" — the linguistic norm of cultured Parisian society of the Louis XIV court. Distinct from Old French (fro, 9-14c.) and Modern French (fr) by: preserved /we/ for <oi> (le roi /lœrwe/, became /lœrwa/ ca. 1700, attested in Racine's rhymes); active liaison of word-final consonants in formal registers; distinct vowel-length oppositions (chat /ʃaː/ long vs maman /mamɑ̃/); sharp tu/vous formality enforcement; pre-pejorative-shift semantics for many lexical items (honnête, galant). The pedagogical canon taught in French Lycée classes for reading the Grand Siècle dramatic and prose canon.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Classical French (17c., Bel Usage)

Water

eau

/o/

Fire

feu

/fø/

Sun

soleil

/sɔlɛj/

Moon

lune

/lyn/

Mother

mère

/mɛːr/

Father

père

/pɛːr/

Eat

manger

/mɑ̃ʒe/

Drink

boire

/bweːr/

Love

amour

/amur/

Heart

cœur

/kœːr/

Tree

arbre

/aːrbr/

House

maison

/mɛzɔ̃/

Dog

chien

/ʃjɛ̃/

Cat

chat

/ʃaː/

Hand

main

/mɛ̃/

Eye

œil

/œːj/

Hello

Dieu vous garde

/djø vu ɡard/

Thank you

grâces

/ɡraːs/

One

un

/œ̃/

Good

bon

/bɔ̃/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Indo-European (Italic, Romance, Gallo-Romance, Northern French; Classical 17c.) languages

Meaning Classical French (17c., Bel Usage)French (Québec)FrenchFrench (African)French (Belgian)French (Swiss)Picard
Water eau /o/ eau /o/ eau /o/ eau /o/ eau /o/ eau /o/ iau /jo/
Fire feu /fø/ feu /fø/ feu /fø/ feu /fø/ feu /fø/ feu /fø/ fu /fy/
Sun soleil /sɔlɛj/ soleil /sɔlɛj/ soleil /sɔlɛj/ soleil /sɔlɛj/ soleil /sɔlɛj/ soleil /sɔlɛj/ solèl /sɔlɛl/
Moon lune /lyn/ lune /lʏn/ lune /lyn/ lune /lyn/ lune /lyn/ lune /lyn/ lune /lyn/
Mother mère /mɛːr/ mère /mɛːʁ/ mère /mɛʁ/ mère /mɛʁ/ mère /mɛʁ/ mère /mɛʁ/ mère /mɛʁ/
Father père /pɛːr/ père /pɛːʁ/ père /pɛʁ/ père /pɛʁ/ père /pɛʁ/ père /pɛʁ/ père /pɛʁ/
Eat manger /mɑ̃ʒe/ manger /mɑ̃ʒe/ manger /mɑ̃ʒe/ manger /mɑ̃ʒe/ manger /mɑ̃ʒe/ manger /mɑ̃ʒe/ minger /mɛ̃ʒe/
Drink boire /bweːr/ boire /bwɑːʁ/ boire /bwaʁ/ boire /bwaʁ/ boire /bwaʁ/ boire /bwaʁ/ boère /bwɛʁ/
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