Yacouba

Dan

Niger-Congo (Mande, Eastern, Southern)

FamilyNiger-Congo (Mande, Eastern, Southern) Speakers~1.6M ScriptLatin (extensive tone diacritics) CountriesCôte d'Ivoire (western — Man, Danané), Liberia (Nimba) Official inNo (French in CI, English in Liberia); recognized regional Vitalitysafe ISO 639-3dnj

Dan (also called Yacouba in Côte d'Ivoire and Gio in Liberia) is an Eastern Mande language of the western Côte d'Ivoire-Liberia border region around the city of Man. Notable for an exceptionally complex tone system: 5 contrastive level tones plus contour tones, totalling 12-14 tonal categories — among the richest tone inventories documented for any African language. The Dan people are also famous for the iconic Dan masks of Man (gle masks), which became important reference works in early-20th-century European art history.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Dan

Water

yi

/ji/

Fire

siŋ

/siŋ/

Sun

lai

/lai/

Moon

siŋ

/siŋ/

Star

céé

/tséː/

Mother

da

/da/

Father

de

/de/

I

ŋ̄

/ŋ̄/

You

ī

/i/

Name

tɔ́

/tɔ́/

Eye

ŋkɛ̃

/ŋkɛ̃/

Hand

/kɔ/

Heart

gbɔɔ

/ɡbɔː/

Love

be

/be/

Tree

gbe

/ɡbe/

House

/kɔ/

Dog

gbɛ

/ɡbɛ/

Cat

nyaa

/ɲaː/

Eat

/dɛ/

Drink

mi

/mi/

One

do

/do/

Two

plɛ̀

/plɛ˩/

Hello

daka

/daka/

Thank you

kpe

/kpe/

Good

ka

/ka/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Niger-Congo (Mande, Eastern, Southern) languages

Meaning DanManoVaiSusuIngushChechenKita Maninkakan
Water yi /ji/ yi /ji/ /dʒi/ yi /ji/ хий /xij/ хи /xi/ ji /dʒi/
Fire siŋ /siŋ/ /kɔ/ ꕪꔻ /kaːsi/ te /te/ цӏе /tsʼe/ цӏе /tsʼe/ tasuma /tasuma/
Sun lai /lai/ /lɛ/ ꔎꔒ /tele/ soge /soɡe/ малх /malx/ малх /malx/ tle /tle/
Moon siŋ /siŋ/ /lɔ/ ꕬꖝ /laro/ kike /kike/ бутт /butː/ бутт /butː/ kalo /kalo/
Star céé /tséː/ sĩ̄ã́ŋēlè /sĩ̄ã́ŋēlè/ ꗋꗏ /tólò/ tunbi /tunbi/ седкъа /sedqʼa/ седа /seda/ lolo /lolo/
Mother da /da/ ɲɛ /ɲɛ/ /na/ nga /ŋɡa/ наьна /næna/ нана /nana/ ba /ba/
Father de /de/ de /de/ /dɛ/ baba /baba/ да /da/ да /da/ fa /fa/
I ŋ̄ /ŋ̄/ /ma˧/ /ŋ̀/ n /n/ со /so/ со /sʷo/ ne /ne/
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