Yacouba

Dan

Niger-Congo (Mande, Eastern, Southern)

FamilyNiger-Congo (Mande, Eastern, Southern) Speakers~1.6M ScriptLatin (extensive tone diacritics) CountriesCôte d'Ivoire (western — Man, Danané), Liberia (Nimba) Official inNo (French in CI, English in Liberia); recognized regional Vitalitysafe ISO 639-3dnj

Dan (also called Yacouba in Côte d'Ivoire and Gio in Liberia) is an Eastern Mande language of the western Côte d'Ivoire-Liberia border region around the city of Man. Notable for an exceptionally complex tone system: 5 contrastive level tones plus contour tones, totalling 12-14 tonal categories — among the richest tone inventories documented for any African language. The Dan people are also famous for the iconic Dan masks of Man (gle masks), which became important reference works in early-20th-century European art history.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Dan

Water

yi

/ji/

Fire

siŋ

/siŋ/

Sun

lai

/lai/

Moon

siŋ

/siŋ/

Mother

da

/da/

Father

de

/de/

Eat

/dɛ/

Drink

mi

/mi/

Love

be

/be/

Heart

gbɔɔ

/ɡbɔː/

Tree

gbe

/ɡbe/

House

/kɔ/

Dog

gbɛ

/ɡbɛ/

Cat

nyaa

/ɲaː/

Hand

/kɔ/

Eye

ŋkɛ̃

/ŋkɛ̃/

Hello

daka

/daka/

Thank you

kpe

/kpe/

One

do

/do/

Good

ka

/ka/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Niger-Congo (Mande, Eastern, Southern) languages

Meaning DanManoVaiIngushChechenSusuWarao
Water yi /ji/ yi /ji/ ꕜꕩ /daja/ хий /xij/ хи /xi/ yi /ji/ hoidu /hojdu/
Fire siŋ /siŋ/ /kɔ/ ꕪꔻ /kaːsi/ цӏе /tsʼe/ цӏе /tsʼe/ te /te/ hekunu /hekunu/
Sun lai /lai/ /lɛ/ ꕒꔧ /foɛ/ малх /malx/ малх /malx/ soge /soɡe/ ya /ja/
Moon siŋ /siŋ/ /lɔ/ ꕬꖝ /laro/ бутт /butː/ бутт /butː/ kike /kike/ waniku /waniku/
Mother da /da/ ɲɛ /ɲɛ/ /na/ наьна /næna/ нана /nana/ nga /ŋɡa/ dani /dani/
Father de /de/ de /de/ /dɛ/ да /da/ да /da/ baba /baba/ daka /daka/
Eat /dɛ/ /mɛ/ /fa/ даа /daː/ даа /daː/ don /don/ nahoro /nahoɾo/
Drink mi /mi/ mi /mi/ /mi/ мала /mala/ мала /mala/ min /min/ osi /osi/
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