Tupinambá / Nhe'engatú

Tupinambá

Tupian (Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup III) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyTupian (Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup III) SpeakersExtinct (~1700s as L1; basis of Língua Geral / Nheengatu) ScriptLatin (Jesuit orthography established by Anchieta, 1595) CountriesBrazil (historical — Atlantic coast from Pernambuco to São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro) Official inNo (historical lingua franca of colonial Brazil) ISO 639-3tup Glottocodetupi1273

Tupinambá (Old Tupi) was the dominant indigenous language of the Brazilian coast at European contact and the basis of the Jesuit Língua Geral that served as Brazil's colonial lingua franca into the 18th century. Typologically Tupi-Guarani: agglutinative, head-marking, with active-stative alignment and pervasive nasal harmony; its first grammar (Anchieta, 1595) is the earliest description of any South American language. It survives lexically in thousands of Brazilian Portuguese loanwords and place-names (Ipanema, Paraná, jaguar, piranha).

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Tupinambá

Water

'y

/ʔɨ/

Fire

tatá

/taˈta/

Sun

kuarasy

/kwaɾaˈsɨ/

Moon

iasy

/jaˈsɨ/

Mother

sy

/sɨ/

Father

tuba

/ˈtuβa/

Eat

'u

/ʔu/

Drink

'u

/ʔu/

Love

aûsub

/aˈwsuβ/

Heart

nhe'ã

/ɲẽˈʔã/

Tree

yby'rá

/ɨβɨˈɾa/

House

oka

/ˈoka/

Dog

îagûara

/jaˈɣwaɾa/

Cat

marakaîá

/maɾakaˈja/

Hand

/po/

Eye

t-esá

/teˈsa/

Hello

ereîubé

/eɾejuˈβe/

Thank you

/—/

One

oîepé

/ojeˈpe/

Good

katu

/kaˈtu/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Tupian (Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup III) languages

Meaning TupinambáGuaraníNheengatuMaguindanaoKavalanMakasaeGreek
Water 'y /ʔɨ/ y /ɨ/ ig /iɡ/ ig /ʔiɡ/ zanum /zaˈnum/ ira /ˈira/ νερό /neˈɾo/
Fire tatá /taˈta/ tata /tata/ tatá /tata/ apoy /ʔaˈpoj/ ramax /raˈmax/ ata /ˈata/ φωτιά /foˈtʲa/
Sun kuarasy /kwaɾaˈsɨ/ kuarahy /kwaɾahɨ/ kuarasi /kwaɾasi/ senang /seˈnaŋ/ siban /siˈban/ watu /ˈwatu/ ήλιος /ˈiʎos/
Moon iasy /jaˈsɨ/ jasy /dʒasɨ/ yasi /jasi/ bulan /buˈlan/ buran /buˈran/ uru /ˈuru/ φεγγάρι /feˈŋɡaɾi/
Mother sy /sɨ/ sy /sɨ/ mãi /mãi/ ina /ˈʔina/ tina /ˈtina/ ina /ˈina/ μητέρα /miˈteɾa/
Father tuba /ˈtuβa/ túva /tuva/ paiá /paja/ ama /ˈʔama/ tama /ˈtama/ baba /ˈbaba/ πατέρας /paˈteɾas/
Eat 'u /ʔu/ karu /kaˈɾu/ ku /ku/ kakan /kaˈkan/ quman /quˈman/ nawa /ˈnawa/ τρώω /ˈtɾo.o/
Drink 'u /ʔu/ yʼu /ɨʔu/ /jú/ inum /ʔiˈnum/ mimum /miˈmum/ gehe /ˈɡɛhɛ/ πίνω /ˈpino/
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