Sm'algyax

Coast Tsimshian

Tsimshianic (Maritime)

FamilyTsimshianic (Maritime) Speakers~200 ScriptLatin (with apostrophes for ejectives, ḵ for /q/) CountriesCanada (BC north coast), USA (Alaska) Official inNo (recognized aboriginal) Vitalityseverely endangered ISO 639-3tsi

Coast Tsimshian (Sm’algyax; ISO 639-3: tsi) is a Tsimshianic language traditionally spoken along the northern coast of British Columbia and at Metlakatla in southeastern Alaska. It is related to Nisga’a, Gitxsan, and Southern Tsimshian but constitutes a distinct language with several community varieties. Its sound system includes ejective and uvular consonants, and its grammar makes extensive use of affixes, clitics, and connective elements to mark participants and clause structure. Sm’algyax is written in a community Latin-based orthography developed through language work with speakers. The language is severely endangered, but Ts’msyen communities and the Sm’algyax Language Authority support revitalization through school courses, adult learning, documentation, dictionaries, recordings, and digital resources such as the community-managed FirstVoices site and app.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Coast Tsimshian

Water

ax̱s

/aχs/

Fire

laḵw

/laqʷ/

Sun

gyemk

/ɡʲemk/

Moon

gyemgm aatk

/ɡʲɛmɡm aːtk/

Star

hloʼoxs

/ɬoʔoxs/

Mother

naa

/naː/

Father

baba

/baba/

I

nüüyu

/nuːju/

You

nüün

/nuːn/

Name

waa

/waː/

Eye

mooḵs

/muːqs/

Hand

an'oon

/anʔoːn/

Heart

g̱oot

/ɢoːt/

Love

ksu'hahkw

/ksuʔhahkʷ/

Tree

gan

/ɡan/

House

walp

/walp/

Dog

hashasaa

/haʃasaː/

Cat

doosgi

/duːsɡi/

Eat

lalji

/laldʒi/

Drink

hoos

/huːs/

One

ḵoo'iyaa

/qoːʔijaː/

Two

tʼepxaat

/tʼəpxaːt/

Hello

ndii ne

/ndiː ne/

Thank you

t'oyaxsut nüsm

/tʼojaχsut nysm/

Good

am'

/amʔ/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Tsimshianic (Maritime) languages

Meaning Coast TsimshianKurukhWolayttaIrulaBrahuiZarmaMiddle Irish
Water ax̱s /aχs/ अम्म /amm/ haatta /haːtːa/ nīr /niːɾ/ دیر /diːɾ/ hari /hari/ usce /uske/
Fire laḵw /laqʷ/ चिच /tʃitʃ/ tama /tama/ /tiː/ کاہا /kaha/ danji /dandʒi/ tene /tene/
Sun gyemk /ɡʲemk/ बेरी /beɾiː/ awa /awa/ čūriyen /tʃuːɾijen/ دے /deː/ wayna /wajna/ grían /ɡrian/
Moon gyemgm aatk /ɡʲɛmɡm aːtk/ चांदो /tʃaːndoː/ aginaa /aɡinaː/ niLā /niɭaː/ ماہ /mah/ handu /handu/ ésca /eːska/
Star hloʼoxs /ɬoʔoxs/ बिनको /binkoː/ xoolinttee /tʼoːlintːeː/ naTčattiram /naʈtʃatːiɾam/ استار /isˈtaːr/ handariya /handaːɾija/ rétla /ˈreːtla/
Mother naa /naː/ अयो /ajoː/ aaya /aːja/ ammā /amːaː/ لمّا /lumːaː/ ñaa /ɲaː/ máthair /maːθirʲ/
Father baba /baba/ बाबा /baːbaː/ aawa /aːwa/ ayyā /ajːaː/ باوا /baːwaː/ baba /baba/ athair /aθirʲ/
I nüüyu /nuːju/ एन /eːn/ taani /taːni/ nānu /naːnu/ ای /iː/ ay /aj/ /mʲeː/
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