ლუშნუ ნინ

Svan

Kartvelian (Svan branch — sister to Zan-Georgian)

FamilyKartvelian (Svan branch — sister to Zan-Georgian) Speakers~14–30K ScriptGeorgian (Mkhedruli; rarely-used Latin transliteration in academic contexts) CountriesGeorgia (Svaneti — Mestia, Lentekhi) Official inNo (Georgia recognizes as historic regional language) Vitalityvulnerable ISO 639-3sva

Svan (ლუშნუ ნინ Lušnu Nin, "Svan tongue") is the most divergent of the four Kartvelian languages — the first to branch off from Proto-Kartvelian (~3000-2000 BCE), making it sister to the Zan-Georgian branch (Georgian, Mingrelian, Laz). Svan retains archaic features lost in other Kartvelian languages, including a four-vowel system with phonemic length and pharyngeal consonants. Spoken in the high mountain valleys of Svaneti in NW Georgia, the Svan-speaking community has historically been geographically isolated, contributing to the language's preservation alongside heavy code-switching with Standard Georgian today. Listed as definitely endangered by UNESCO.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Svan

Water

ლიც

/litsʼ/

Fire

ლემესგ

/lemesɡ/

Sun

მიჟ

/miʒ/

Moon

დოშდულ

/doʃdul/

Star

ანჩხ

/antʃx/

Mother

დი

/di/

Father

ფუ

/pʰu/

I

მი

/mi/

You

სი

/si/

Name

ჟახ

/ʒax/

Eye

თე

/tʰe/

Hand

შდიხ

/ʃdix/

Heart

გვი

/ɡwi/

Love

ხოჩა

/xotʃa/

Tree

ხან

/xan/

House

კოჯ

/kʼodʒ/

Dog

ჯეღ

/dʒeʁ/

Cat

ფისკ

/pʰisk/

Eat

ჭიმედ

/tʃʼimed/

Drink

ლიშგი

/liʃɡi/

One

ეშხუ

/eʃxu/

Two

ჲორი

/jori/

Hello

ხოჩაპ

/xotʃapʰ/

Thank you

ხოჩამდ

/xotʃamd/

Good

ხოჩა

/xotʃa/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Kartvelian (Svan branch — sister to Zan-Georgian) languages

Meaning SvanMingrelianLazGeorgianNanaiShipibo-ConiboCentral Bai
Water ლიც /litsʼ/ წყარი /tsʼqʼari/ წკარი /tsʼkari/ წყალი /tsʼqʼali/ муэ /mue/ jene /hene/ tshi /tʃʰɪ/
Fire ლემესგ /lemesɡ/ დაჩხირი /datʃxiri/ დაჩხური /datʃxuri/ ცეცხლი /tsetsxli/ това /tova/ chii /tʃiː/ me /me/
Sun მიჟ /miʒ/ ბჟა /bʒa/ მჟორა /mʒora/ მზე /mze/ сиун /siun/ bari /bari/ nyi /ɲi/
Moon დოშდულ /doʃdul/ თუთა /tʰutʰa/ თუთა /tʰutʰa/ მთვარე /mtʰvare/ биа /bia/ oxe /oʃe/ thsi /tʰsɪ/
Star ანჩხ /antʃx/ მურიცხი /muritsxi/ მურუცხი /murutsxi/ ვარსკვლავი /varskvlavi/ хосякта /xoˈsʲakta/ wishati /wiʃati/ gɯsɿ /ɡɯ˧sɿ˧/
Mother დი /di/ დიდა /dida/ ნანა /nana/ დედა /deda/ энин /enin/ tita /tita/ me /me/
Father ფუ /pʰu/ მუმა /muma/ ბაბა /baba/ მამა /mama/ ама /ama/ papa /papa/ phu /pʰu/
I მი /mi/ მა /ma/ მა /ma/ მე /me/ ми /mi/ ea /ea/ ngo /ŋo˧/
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