Mayangna

Sumo

Misumalpan

FamilyMisumalpan Speakers~10K (Nicaragua ~8K + Honduras ~2K) ScriptLatin CountriesNicaragua Official inNicaragua Vitalityvulnerable ISO 639-3sum

Sumo (Mayangna) is one of the two surviving Misumalpan languages, sister to Miskito (msu/miq). The Misumalpan family is a small isolated language family of Central America (Nicaragua, Honduras), comprising only Sumo and Miskito as living languages plus several extinct varieties. The Sumo (or Mayangna, the autonym) people are concentrated in the Bonanza-Rosita-Siuna mining triangle of the Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region of Nicaragua, with smaller populations in Honduras's Mosquitia. Linguistically, Sumo shares Misumalpan features with Miskito: SOV constituent order, postpositions, complex polypersonal verb morphology, and a tonal system. The Mayangna identity has been the focus of community-led revitalization since the 1990s, with the Mayangna Yamni Indigenous Federation supporting language preservation.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Sumo

Water

was

/was/

Fire

kuh

/kuh/

Sun

waiku

/waiku/

Moon

waikuh

/waikuh/

Mother

nuh

/nuh/

Father

papang

/papaŋ/

Eat

piru

/piɾu/

Drink

di

/di/

Love

walai

/walai/

Heart

/maː/

Tree

âu

/aːu/

House

utla

/utla/

Dog

suluk

/suluk/

Cat

mistuh

/mistuh/

Hand

ting

/tiŋ/

Eye

nakra

/nakɾa/

Hello

naksa

/naksa/

Thank you

yaisi

/jaisi/

One

as

/as/

Good

pain

/pain/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Misumalpan languages

Meaning SumoTuvaluanMussau-EmiraLampungBugineseIbanMāori
Water was /was/ vai /vai/ eai /eai/ way /waj/ wae /wae/ ai /ai/ wai /wai/
Fire kuh /kuh/ afi /afi/ kapok /kapok/ apui /apui/ api /api/ api /api/ ahi /ahi/
Sun waiku /waiku/ laa /laː/ ariu /aɾiu/ matarani /matarani/ mata esso /mata esːo/ mata-ari /mataari/ /ɾaː/
Moon waikuh /waikuh/ masina /masina/ malam /malam/ bulan /bulan/ uleng /uleŋ/ bulan /bulan/ marama /maɾama/
Mother nuh /nuh/ maatua /maːtua/ nia /nia/ ina /ina/ indo /indo/ indai /indai/ whaea /ɸaea/
Father papang /papaŋ/ tamana /tamana/ tama /tama/ kemamang /kemamaŋ/ ambo /ambo/ apai /apai/ matua /matua/
Eat piru /piɾu/ kai /kai/ anu /anu/ nganik /ŋanik/ mandre /mandɾe/ makai /makai/ kai /kai/
Drink di /di/ inu /inu/ inum /inum/ nginum /ŋinum/ minung /minuŋ/ ngirup /ŋirup/ inu /inu/
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