*PR

Proto-Ryukyuan

Japonic (Ryukyuan) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyJaponic (Ryukyuan) SpeakersReconstructed proto-language (no speakers; estimated separation from mainland Japonic ~7-8c. CE) ScriptN/A (reconstructed in IPA-like notation) CountriesHypothetical homeland: Amami archipelago / Okinawa Islands Official inN/A (unattested) Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3pry

Proto-Ryukyuan (PR) is the reconstructed common ancestor of all Ryukyuan languages (Okinawan, Miyako, Yaeyama, Yonaguni). Diverged from mainland Japonic ~7-8c. CE per Pellard (2015), Thorpe (1983). Distinctive Ryukyuan innovations include *teda "sun" (vs Japonic *pi), *kimu "heart/liver" (vs Japonic *kokoro), *maja "cat" (vs Japonic *neko) — visible in modern Okinawan/Miyako/Yaeyama. Reconstruction follows the comparative method on the 4 Ryukyuan branches.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Proto-Ryukyuan

Water

*midu

/midu/

Fire

*pii

/piː/

Sun

*teda

/teda/

Moon

*tuki

/tuki/

Mother

*amma

/amma/

Father

*aja

/aja/

Eat

*kam-

/kam/

Drink

*num-

/num/

Love

/—/

Heart

*kimu

/kimu/

Tree

*kii

/kiː/

House

*yaa

/jaː/

Dog

*in

/in/

Cat

*maja

/maja/

Hand

*tii

/tiː/

Eye

*mii

/miː/

Hello

/—/

Thank you

/—/

One

*pitu

/pitu/

Good

*masi

/maɕi/

Words compared

Compared with related Japonic (Ryukyuan) languages

Meaning Proto-RyukyuanMiyakoYaeyamaOkinawanOld JapaneseKavalanMiddle Japanese
Water *midu /midu/ /mid͡zɨ/ /mid͡zɨ/ /mid͡ʑi/ /midu/ zanum /zaˈnum/ /midu/
Fire *pii /piː/ /piː/ /piː/ ふぃー /ɸiː/ /pə/ ramax /raˈmax/ /ɸi/
Sun *teda /teda/ てぃだ /tida/ てぃだ /tida/ てぃだ /tida/ /pi/ siban /siˈban/ /ɸi/
Moon *tuki /tuki/ /t͡sɨkɨ/ /t͡sɨkɨ/ /t͡ɕit͡ɕi/ /tukï/ buran /buˈran/ /tuki/
Mother *amma /amma/ あんま /amma/ あんま /amma/ あんまー /ammaː/ /papa/ tina /ˈtina/ /ɸaɸa/
Father *aja /aja/ うや /uja/ うや /uja/ すー /suː/ /titi/ tama /ˈtama/ /titi/
Eat *kam- /kam/ 食み /kami/ 食でぃ /kadi/ 食でぃ /kadi/ 多夫 /tabu/ quman /quˈman/ 食ふ /kuɸu/
Drink *num- /num/ 飲み /numi/ 飲でぃ /nudi/ 飲でぃ /nudi/ 能牟 /nəmu/ mimum /miˈmum/ 飲む /nomu/
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