Te Reo Pukapuka

Pukapukan

Austronesian (Polynesian, Samoic-Outlier)

FamilyAustronesian (Polynesian, Samoic-Outlier) Speakers~2K ScriptLatin CountriesCook Islands (Pukapuka Atoll, Nassau Island); diaspora in New Zealand Official inRecognized regional (Cook Islands) ISO 639-3pkp Glottocodepuka1242

Pukapukan (Te Reo Pukapuka), spoken by ~2,000 people on the isolated Pukapuka Atoll in the northern Cook Islands and on nearby Nassau, is one of the most genealogically debated Polynesian languages: traditionally classed as a Samoic-Outlier yet showing East Polynesian and possibly Tokelauan substrate features, the result of pre-contact wave migrations across the central Pacific. It has typical Polynesian phonology with phonemic vowel length and glottal stop, but lexically diverges enough from Cook Islands Māori (rar) that the two are not mutually intelligible. The community is small but linguistically vital, with active orthography work since the 1990s.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Pukapukan

Water

wai

/wai/

Fire

yayi

/ˈjaji/

Sun

la

/la/

Moon

malama

/maˈlama/

Mother

mama

/ˈmama/

Father

matua

/maˈtua/

Eat

kai

/kai/

Drink

inu

/ˈinu/

Love

aloha

/aˈloha/

Heart

loto

/ˈloto/

Tree

lākau

/laːˈkau/

House

wale

/ˈwale/

Dog

kulī

/kuˈliː/

Cat

pusi

/ˈpusi/

Hand

lima

/ˈlima/

Eye

mata

/ˈmata/

Hello

kia orana

/kia oˈɾana/

Thank you

meitaki

/meiˈtaki/

One

tayi

/ˈtaji/

Good

lelei

/leˈlei/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Austronesian (Polynesian, Samoic-Outlier) languages

Meaning PukapukanWallisianTokelauanHawaiianTuvaluanSamoanTongan
Water wai /wai/ vai /vai/ vai /vai/ wai /wai/ vai /vai/ vai /vai/ vai /vai/
Fire yayi /ˈjaji/ afi /aˈfi/ afi /afi/ ahi /ahi/ afi /afi/ afi /afi/ afi /afi/
Sun la /la/ laʻā /laˈʔaː/ la /la/ /laː/ laa /laː/ /laː/ laʻā /laʔaː/
Moon malama /maˈlama/ māhina /maːˈhina/ malama /malama/ mahina /mɐˈhina/ masina /masina/ māsina /maːsina/ māhina /maːhina/
Mother mama /ˈmama/ faʻē /faˈʔeː/ matua /matua/ makuahine /makuˈahine/ maatua /maːtua/ tinā /tinaː/ faʻē /faʔeː/
Father matua /maˈtua/ tāmai /taːˈmai/ tamana /tamana/ makuakāne /makuaˈkaːne/ tamana /tamana/ tamā /tamaː/ tamai /tamai/
Eat kai /kai/ kai /kai/ kai /kai/ ʻai /ʔai/ kai /kai/ ʻai /ʔai/ kai /kai/
Drink inu /ˈinu/ inu /ˈinu/ inu /inu/ inu /inu/ inu /inu/ inu /inu/ inu /inu/
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