Ómagyar
Old Hungarian
Uralic (Finno-Ugric, Hungarian — historical stage of modern Hungarian hu) · historical / hidden variety
Old Hungarian (Ómagyar) is the medieval stage of Hungarian, spanning ~9th-15th centuries from the Magyar conquest of the Pannonian Basin (895-907) through the Hungarian Renaissance. The Funeral Sermon and Prayer (Halotti beszéd és könyörgés, 1192-1195) is the oldest surviving complete Hungarian text and the second-oldest surviving complete Finno-Ugric text (after Old Hungarian fragments). The Old Hungarian Mary Lament (Ómagyar Mária-siralom, ~1300) is the oldest surviving Hungarian poem. Old Hungarian preserves classical Finno-Ugric features: vowel harmony (front/back), agglutinative case suffixes (~14 cases), possessive suffixes, and lacks grammatical gender. Phonological changes from Old to Modern Hungarian include simplification of long vowels and palatalization of consonant clusters.
Where it is spoken
20 core words in Old Hungarian
Water
vȳz
/viːz/
Fire
tȳz
/tyːz/
Sun
nȁp
/nɒp/
Moon
hȍld
/hold/
Mother
ènyē
/ɛɲeː/
Father
āpá
/aːpaː/
Eat
ènni
/ɛnːi/
Drink
ìnni
/inːi/
Love
szèrēlm
/sɛreːlm/
Heart
szīw
/siːw/
Tree
fȁ
/fɒ/
House
hāz
/haːz/
Dog
kuvasz
/kuvas/
Cat
macska
/mɒt͡ʃkɒ/
Hand
kéz
/keːz/
Eye
szèm
/sɛm/
Hello
ìstèn hozott
/iʃtɛn hozotː/
Thank you
kȍszȍnèm
/køsønɛm/
One
egy
/ɛɟ/
Good
jȍw
/joːw/
Sources
Words compared
Compared with related Uralic (Finno-Ugric, Hungarian — historical stage of modern Hungarian hu) languages
| Meaning | Old Hungarian | Hungarian | Irula | Slovenian | Kurukh | Livonian | Tulu |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | vȳz /viːz/ | víz /viːz/ | nīr /niːɾ/ | voda /voːda/ | ईर् /iːr/ | vež /vɛʒ/ | ನೀರ್ /niːɾ/ |
| Fire | tȳz /tyːz/ | tűz /tyːz/ | tī /tiː/ | ogenj /oːɡənj/ | चिच /tʃitʃ/ | tūl /tuːl/ | ತೂ /tuː/ |
| Sun | nȁp /nɒp/ | nap /nɒp/ | čūriyen /tʃuːɾijen/ | sonce /soːnt͡sɛ/ | बेरी /beɾiː/ | pǟva /pæːva/ | ಸೂರ್ಯ /suːɾja/ |
| Moon | hȍld /hold/ | hold /hold/ | niLā /niɭaː/ | luna /luːna/ | चांदो /tʃaːndoː/ | kūʼ /kuː/ | ತಿಂಗೊಳು /tiŋɡoɭu/ |
| Mother | ènyē /ɛɲeː/ | anya /ɒɲɒ/ | ammā /amːaː/ | mati /maːti/ | अयो /ajoː/ | jemā /jɛmaː/ | ಅಮ್ಮೆ /ammeː/ |
| Father | āpá /aːpaː/ | apa /ɒpɒ/ | ayyā /ajːaː/ | oče /oːt͡ʃɛ/ | बाबा /baːbaː/ | izā /izaː/ | ಅಪ್ಪೆ /appeː/ |
| Eat | ènni /ɛnːi/ | enni /ɛnːi/ | činnu /tʃinːu/ | jesti /jɛːsti/ | ओनना /onːaː/ | sīedõ /siːədə/ | ತಿನ್ಪಿನಿ /tinpini/ |
| Drink | ìnni /inːi/ | inni /inːi/ | kuDi /kuɖi/ | piti /piːti/ | ओंकना /oŋkːnaː/ | jūodõ /juːədə/ | ಪರ್ಪಿನಿ /paɾpini/ |
| Love | szèrēlm /sɛreːlm/ | szerelem /sɛrɛlɛm/ | kāhal /kaːhal/ | ljubezen /ljubeːzɛn/ | मरटी /maɾʈiː/ | ārmaztõ /aːrmastə/ | ಪ್ರೀತಿ /pɾiːti/ |
| Heart | szīw /siːw/ | szív /siːv/ | idayam /idajam/ | srce /sərt͡sɛ/ | ठांगरा /tʰaːŋɡɾaː/ | sidām /sidaːm/ | ಕಂಜೆಲ್ /kaɲdʒel/ |
| Tree | fȁ /fɒ/ | fa /fɒ/ | maram /maɾam/ | drevo /dɾeːʋo/ | मन्ना /manːaː/ | pū /puː/ | ಮರ /maɾa/ |
| House | hāz /haːz/ | ház /haːz/ | vīDu /viːɖu/ | hiša /xiːʃa/ | एरपा /eɾpaː/ | kuodā /kuədaː/ | ಇಲ್ಲ್ /ill/ |
| Dog | kuvasz /kuvas/ | kutya /kucɒ/ | nāyi /naːji/ | pes /pɛːs/ | अल्ला /alːaː/ | piņ /piɲ/ | ನಾಯಿ /naːji/ |
| Cat | macska /mɒt͡ʃkɒ/ | macska /mɒt͡ʃkɒ/ | pūne /puːne/ | mačka /maːt͡ʃka/ | बिल्ली /bilːiː/ | kaš /kaʃ/ | ಪುಚ್ಚೆ /puttʃeː/ |
| Hand | kéz /keːz/ | kéz /keːz/ | kayyu /kajːu/ | roka /ɾɔːka/ | खेकोल /kʰekol/ | kež /kɛʒ/ | ಕೈ /kai/ |
| Eye | szèm /sɛm/ | szem /sɛm/ | kaNN /kaɳː/ | oko /ɔːko/ | खेन /xen/ | sīlma /siːlma/ | ಕಣ್ /kaɳ/ |
| Hello | ìstèn hozott /iʃtɛn hozotː/ | szia /sijɒ/ | vannakkam /vanːakːam/ | živjo /ʒiːʋjo/ | खद्दी /kʰadːiː/ | tervīst /tɛrviːst/ | ನಮಸ್ಕಾರ /namaskaːɾa/ |
| Thank you | kȍszȍnèm /køsønɛm/ | köszönöm /køsønøm/ | nanri /nanɾi/ | hvala /xʋaːla/ | धोन्नोबाद /dʱonːobaːd/ | tienū /tiɛnuː/ | ಸೊಲ್ಮೆಲು /solmelu/ |
| One | egy /ɛɟ/ | egy /ɛɟː/ | onnu /onːu/ | eden /ɛːdən/ | ओंटा /oːnʈaː/ | ikš /ikʃ/ | ಒಂಜಿ /oɲdʒi/ |
| Good | jȍw /joːw/ | jó /joː/ | nalla /nalːa/ | dober /doːbər/ | होय /hoːj/ | jõvā /jəvaː/ | ಪೊರ್ಲು /poɾlu/ |
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