Ómagyar
Old Hungarian
Uralic (Finno-Ugric, Hungarian — historical stage of modern Hungarian hu) · historical / hidden variety
Old Hungarian (Ómagyar) is the medieval stage of Hungarian, spanning ~9th-15th centuries from the Magyar conquest of the Pannonian Basin (895-907) through the Hungarian Renaissance. The Funeral Sermon and Prayer (Halotti beszéd és könyörgés, 1192-1195) is the oldest surviving complete Hungarian text and the oldest surviving coherent text in the entire Finno-Ugric (Uralic) family. The Old Hungarian Mary Lament (Ómagyar Mária-siralom, ~1300) is the oldest surviving Hungarian poem. Old Hungarian preserves classical Finno-Ugric features: vowel harmony (front/back), agglutinative case suffixes (~14 cases), possessive suffixes, and lacks grammatical gender. Phonological changes from Old to Modern Hungarian include simplification of long vowels and palatalization of consonant clusters.
Where it is spoken
31 core words in Old Hungarian
Water
vȳz
/viːz/
Fire
tȳz
/tyːz/
Sun
nȁp
/nɒp/
Moon
hȍld
/hold/
Star
csillag
/ˈtʃillaɡ/
Mother
anya
/ɒɲɒ/
Father
āpá
/aːpaː/
I
én
/eːn/
You
te
/te/
Name
név
/neːv/
Eye
szèm
/sɛm/
Hand
kéz
/keːz/
Heart
szīw
/siːw/
Love
szèrēlm
/sɛreːlm/
Tree
fȁ
/fɒ/
House
hāz
/haːz/
Dog
eb
/ɛb/
Cat
macska
/mɒtʃkɒ/
Eat
ènni
/ɛnːi/
Drink
ìnni
/inːi/
One
egy
/ɛɟ/
Two
kettő
/ˈketːøː/
Hello
ìstèn hozott
/iʃtɛn hozotː/
Thank you
kȍszȍnèm
/køsønɛm/
Good
jȍw
/joːw/
Sources
Words compared
Compared with related Uralic (Finno-Ugric, Hungarian — historical stage of modern Hungarian hu) languages
| Meaning | Old Hungarian | Hungarian | Slovenian | Irula | Kurukh | Brahui | Lule Sámi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | vȳz /viːz/ | víz /viːz/ | voda /ˈʋɔːda/ | nīr /niːɾ/ | अम्म /amm/ | دیر /diːɾ/ | tjáhtje /tʃaːhtje/ |
| Fire | tȳz /tyːz/ | tűz /tyːz/ | ogenj /oːɡənj/ | tī /tiː/ | चिच /tʃitʃ/ | کاہا /kaha/ | dålla /tolːa/ |
| Sun | nȁp /nɒp/ | nap /nɒp/ | sonce /soːntsɛ/ | čūriyen /tʃuːɾijen/ | बेरी /beɾiː/ | دے /deː/ | biejvve /pie̯jvːe/ |
| Moon | hȍld /hold/ | hold /hold/ | luna /luːna/ | niLā /niɭaː/ | चांदो /tʃaːndoː/ | ماہ /mah/ | mánno /maːnːo/ |
| Star | csillag /ˈtʃillaɡ/ | csillag /ˈtʃillɒɡ/ | zvezda /ˈzʋeːzda/ | naTčattiram /naʈtʃatːiɾam/ | बिनको /binkoː/ | استار /isˈtaːr/ | náste /ˈnaːste/ |
| Mother | anya /ɒɲɒ/ | anya /ɒɲɒ/ | mati /maːti/ | ammā /amːaː/ | अयो /ajoː/ | لمّا /lumːaː/ | iedne /iedne/ |
| Father | āpá /aːpaː/ | apa /ɒpɒ/ | oče /oːtʃɛ/ | ayyā /ajːaː/ | बाबा /baːbaː/ | باوا /baːwaː/ | áhttje /aːhtːje/ |
| I | én /eːn/ | én /eːn/ | jaz /jaːs/ | nānu /naːnu/ | एन /eːn/ | ای /iː/ | mån /mɔn/ |
| You | te /te/ | te /tɛ/ | ti /tiː/ | nī /niː/ | नीन /niːn/ | نی /niː/ | dån /tɔn/ |
| Name | név /neːv/ | név /neːv/ | ime /iˈmeː/ | pēru /peːɾu/ | नाम /naːm/ | نام /naːm/ | namma /ˈnamːa/ |
| Eye | szèm /sɛm/ | szem /sɛm/ | oko /ɔˈkoː/ | kaNN /kaɳː/ | ख़न्न /xanː/ | خن /xan/ | tjalmme /tʃalmːe/ |
| Hand | kéz /keːz/ | kéz /keːz/ | roka /ɾɔːka/ | kayyu /kajːu/ | खेखा /xekːʰaː/ | دو /doː/ | gietta /kietːa/ |
| Heart | szīw /siːw/ | szív /siːv/ | srce /sərtsɛ/ | idayam /idajam/ | ठांगरा /tʰaːŋɡɾaː/ | دل /dil/ | vájmmo /vajmːo/ |
| Love | szèrēlm /sɛreːlm/ | szerelem /sɛrɛlɛm/ | ljubezen /ljubeːzɛn/ | kāhal /kaːhal/ | मरटी /maɾʈiː/ | عشق /eʃq/ | ráhkesvuohta /raːhkesvuɔhta/ |
| Tree | fȁ /fɒ/ | fa /fɒ/ | drevo /dɾeːʋo/ | maram /maɾam/ | मन्ना /manːaː/ | پنتل /pantal/ | muorra /muɔrːa/ |
| House | hāz /haːz/ | ház /haːz/ | hiša /xiːʃa/ | vīDu /viːɖu/ | एरपा /eɾpaː/ | اولا /ulaː/ | viesso /viesːo/ |
| Dog | eb /ɛb/ | kutya /kucɒ/ | pes /pɛːs/ | nāyi /naːji/ | अल्ला /alːaː/ | کچک /kutʃik/ | bena /pena/ |
| Cat | macska /mɒtʃkɒ/ | macska /mɒtʃkɒ/ | mačka /maːtʃka/ | pūne /puːne/ | बिल्ली /bilːiː/ | پسی /pisi/ | kássa /kaːsːa/ |
| Eat | ènni /ɛnːi/ | enni /ɛnːi/ | jesti /jɛːsti/ | činnu /tʃinːu/ | ओनना /onːaː/ | کنّا /kunːa/ | bårråt /porːot/ |
| Drink | ìnni /inːi/ | inni /inːi/ | piti /piːti/ | kuDi /kuɖi/ | ओंकना /oŋkːnaː/ | پنّنگ /pinːinɡ/ | juhkat /juhkat/ |
| One | egy /ɛɟ/ | egy /ɛɟː/ | eden /ɛːdən/ | onnu /onːu/ | ओंटा /oːnʈaː/ | اسٹ /asiʈ/ | aktan /aktan/ |
| Two | kettő /ˈketːøː/ | kettő /ˈkɛtːøː/ | dva /dʋaː/ | reNDu /reɳɖu/ | एण्ड /eːɳɖ/ | ایراٹ /iˈraːʈ/ | guokta /ˈkuoktɑ/ |
| Hello | ìstèn hozott /iʃtɛn hozotː/ | szia /sijɒ/ | živjo /ʒiːʋjo/ | vannakkam /vanːakːam/ | खद्दी /kʰadːiː/ | سلام /sælaːm/ | buoris /puɔris/ |
| Thank you | kȍszȍnèm /køsønɛm/ | köszönöm /køsønøm/ | hvala /xʋaːla/ | nanri /nanɾi/ | धोन्नोबाद /dʱonːobaːd/ | شکریہ /ʃukɾijaː/ | gijttuo /kijtːuɔ/ |
| Good | jȍw /joːw/ | jó /joː/ | dober /doːbər/ | nalla /nalːa/ | होय /hoːj/ | کشی /kaʃi/ | buorre /puɔrːe/ |
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