Ómagyar

Old Hungarian

Uralic (Finno-Ugric, Hungarian — historical stage of modern Hungarian hu) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyUralic (Finno-Ugric, Hungarian — historical stage of modern Hungarian hu) SpeakersExtinct (~9th-15th c.; ancestor of modern Hungarian) ScriptLatin CountriesHistorical: Hungary Official inNo (extinct; modern Hungarian in original territory) Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3ohu

Old Hungarian (Ómagyar) is the medieval stage of Hungarian, spanning ~9th-15th centuries from the Magyar conquest of the Pannonian Basin (895-907) through the Hungarian Renaissance. The Funeral Sermon and Prayer (Halotti beszéd és könyörgés, 1192-1195) is the oldest surviving complete Hungarian text and the second-oldest surviving complete Finno-Ugric text (after Old Hungarian fragments). The Old Hungarian Mary Lament (Ómagyar Mária-siralom, ~1300) is the oldest surviving Hungarian poem. Old Hungarian preserves classical Finno-Ugric features: vowel harmony (front/back), agglutinative case suffixes (~14 cases), possessive suffixes, and lacks grammatical gender. Phonological changes from Old to Modern Hungarian include simplification of long vowels and palatalization of consonant clusters.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Old Hungarian

Water

vȳz

/viːz/

Fire

tȳz

/tyːz/

Sun

nȁp

/nɒp/

Moon

hȍld

/hold/

Mother

ènyē

/ɛɲeː/

Father

āpá

/aːpaː/

Eat

ènni

/ɛnːi/

Drink

ìnni

/inːi/

Love

szèrēlm

/sɛreːlm/

Heart

szīw

/siːw/

Tree

/fɒ/

House

hāz

/haːz/

Dog

kuvasz

/kuvas/

Cat

macska

/mɒt͡ʃkɒ/

Hand

kéz

/keːz/

Eye

szèm

/sɛm/

Hello

ìstèn hozott

/iʃtɛn hozotː/

Thank you

kȍszȍnèm

/køsønɛm/

One

egy

/ɛɟ/

Good

jȍw

/joːw/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Uralic (Finno-Ugric, Hungarian — historical stage of modern Hungarian hu) languages

Meaning Old HungarianHungarianIrulaSlovenianKurukhLivonianTulu
Water vȳz /viːz/ víz /viːz/ nīr /niːɾ/ voda /voːda/ ईर् /iːr/ vež /vɛʒ/ ನೀರ್ /niːɾ/
Fire tȳz /tyːz/ tűz /tyːz/ /tiː/ ogenj /oːɡənj/ चिच /tʃitʃ/ tūl /tuːl/ ತೂ /tuː/
Sun nȁp /nɒp/ nap /nɒp/ čūriyen /tʃuːɾijen/ sonce /soːnt͡sɛ/ बेरी /beɾiː/ pǟva /pæːva/ ಸೂರ್ಯ /suːɾja/
Moon hȍld /hold/ hold /hold/ niLā /niɭaː/ luna /luːna/ चांदो /tʃaːndoː/ kūʼ /kuː/ ತಿಂಗೊಳು /tiŋɡoɭu/
Mother ènyē /ɛɲeː/ anya /ɒɲɒ/ ammā /amːaː/ mati /maːti/ अयो /ajoː/ jemā /jɛmaː/ ಅಮ್ಮೆ /ammeː/
Father āpá /aːpaː/ apa /ɒpɒ/ ayyā /ajːaː/ oče /oːt͡ʃɛ/ बाबा /baːbaː/ izā /izaː/ ಅಪ್ಪೆ /appeː/
Eat ènni /ɛnːi/ enni /ɛnːi/ činnu /tʃinːu/ jesti /jɛːsti/ ओनना /onːaː/ sīedõ /siːədə/ ತಿನ್ಪಿನಿ /tinpini/
Drink ìnni /inːi/ inni /inːi/ kuDi /kuɖi/ piti /piːti/ ओंकना /oŋkːnaː/ jūodõ /juːədə/ ಪರ್ಪಿನಿ /paɾpini/
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