Xapagí

Pirahã

Mura (isolate)

FamilyMura (isolate) Speakers~360 ScriptLatin CountriesBrazil (Amazonas) Official inNo Vitalityseverely endangered ISO 639-3myp

Pirahã is famous in linguistics for its extreme typological features: no embedded clauses, no exact numerals (only 'small' vs 'larger' amounts), no colour terms, no perfect-tense distinction, and minimal kinship vocabulary. Spoken by about 250 hunter-gatherers along the Maici river, a tributary of the Amazon, Pirahã has been the subject of major debates over Universal Grammar after Daniel Everett's analyses challenged Chomskyan recursion claims and stirred years of fieldwork response.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Pirahã

Water

piigi

/piiɡi/

Fire

hoa

/hoa/

Sun

hisi

/hisi/

Moon

kapiigaísao

/kapiiɡaísao/

Star

apapaí

/àpàpàí/

Mother

ʔaaí

/ʔaaí/

Father

baíxi

/baíʃi/

I

ti

/tì/

You

gíxai

/ɡíʔàì/

Name

íga

/ígà/

Eye

ʔai

/ʔai/

Hand

piíʔai

/piíʔai/

Heart

aoʔaago

/aoʔaaɡo/

Love

/ɡí/

Tree

hoí

/hoí/

House

kaiʔii

/kaiʔii/

Dog

kobaí

/kobaí/

Cat

xowí

/ʃowí/

Eat

ʔaʔaí

/ʔaʔaí/

Drink

gao

/ɡao/

One

hói

/hói/

Two

hoí

/hòí/

Hello

gaíhií

/ɡaíhií/

Thank you

kapiíhií

/kapiíhií/

Good

aoʔaago

/aoʔaaɡo/

Words compared

Compared with related Mura (isolate) languages

Meaning PirahãWichitaJuǀ'hoanLepchaSenoufo SupyireWayuuAari
Water piigi /piiɡi/ kicʔa /kitsʔa/ gǃú /ᶢǃú/ ᰣᰫᰵ /ʔuŋ/ lwɔ /lwɔ/ wuin /wuin/ waki /waki/
Fire hoa /hoa/ hatʔihks /hatʔihks/ dahm /dã̀m/ ᰕᰧ /mi/ fyaa /fjaː/ siki /siki/ mola /mola/
Sun hisi /hisi/ saːkihirikiʔis /saːkihiɾikiʔis/ ǃhúí /ᵑǃʰúí/ ᰠᰗᰪᰭ /sətsɯk/ kanha /kaɲa/ kaʼi /kaʔi/ háy /haj/
Moon kapiigaísao /kapiiɡaísao/ /—/ nǁháí /ᵑǁʰáí/ ᰜᰦᰟᰨ /lavo/ cuoꞌngo /tʃuoŋɡo/ kashi /kaʃi/ arfi /arfi/
Star apapaí /àpàpàí/ hokʼwahriʔ /hokʼʷahriʔ/ ǀqhùbi /ǀqʰùbí/ ᰠᰝᰩᰲ /səhɔr/ lɔhɔ /lɔ̀hɔ̀/ jolotsü /holotsɨ/ manka /ˈmanka/
Mother ʔaaí /ʔaaí/ ʔatsi /ʔatsi/ taqe /tàʔè/ ᰣᰦᰕᰫ /ʔamu/ naa /naː/ ei /ei/ inde /inde/
Father baíxi /baíʃi/ ʔaːsi /ʔaːsi/ ba /bà/ ᰣᰦᰓᰨ /ʔabo/ saa /saː/ ashi /aʃi/ baba /baba/
I ti /tì/ náⁱʔ /náːʔ/ mi /mí/ ᰃᰨ /go/ mii /mìː/ taya /taja/ ita /ʔiˈta/
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