Guugu Yimidhirr

Guugu Yimithirr

Pama-Nyungan (Paman, eastern Cape York)

FamilyPama-Nyungan (Paman, eastern Cape York) Speakers~800 ScriptLatin CountriesAustralia (Far North Queensland — Hopevale, north of Cooktown) Official inNo (recognized indigenous) Vitalityseverely endangered ISO 639-3kky Glottocodegugu1255

Guugu Yimithirr (also Guugu Yimidhirr; ISO 639-3: kky) is a Paman language of the Pama-Nyungan family, traditionally spoken in country around the Endeavour River in Far North Queensland, Australia. It is now centered at Hope Vale and nearby communities north of Cooktown. The language is widely known for a spatial-reference system that frequently uses absolute cardinal directions, such as north and south, where many languages use speaker-centered terms like left and right. Research on this system has made Guugu Yimithirr important in studies of language, cognition, and spatial orientation. The English word “kangaroo” derives from gangurru, a Guugu Yimithirr word recorded from local speakers by members of James Cook’s expedition at the Endeavour River in 1770.

Where it is spoken

31 core words in Guugu Yimithirr

Water

buurraay

/buːraːj/

Fire

/—/

Sun

ngalan

/ŋalan/

Moon

giitha

/ɡiːt̪a/

Star

biidhi

/biːt̪i/

Mother

ngamu

/ŋamu/

Father

biiba

/biːba/

I

ngayu

/ŋaju/

You

nyundu

/ɲundu/

Name

gadil

/ˈkatil/

Eye

miil

/miːl/

Hand

mungal

/muŋal/

Heart

/—/

Love

/—/

Tree

yugu

/juɡu/

House

bayan

/bajan/

Dog

gudaa

/ɡudaː/

Cat

buthigan

/but̪iɡan/

Eat

budal

/budal/

Drink

/—/

One

nubuun

/nubuːn/

Two

gudhirra

/kut̪ira/

Hello

/—/

Thank you

/—/

Good

awuun

/awuːn/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Pama-Nyungan (Paman, eastern Cape York) languages

Meaning Guugu YimithirrLuwianLardilYangkaalPyuBukar-Sadong BidayuhWalmajarri
Water buurraay /buːraːj/ wār /waːr/ kantha /kanθa/ ngogo /ŋoɡo/ ʔuy /uj/ piin /piːn/ ngapa /ˈŋapa/
Fire /—/ /—/ jalul /dʒalul/ ngida /ŋida/ vyaŋ /wjaŋ/ apui /aˈpui/ warlu /ˈwaɭu/
Sun ngalan /ŋalan/ 𔖖𔓚 /ˈtiwad/ thurara /θuɾaɾa/ wargu /waɾɡu/ ño /ɲo/ biduh /biˈduh/ ngalyarra /ŋaˈʎara/
Moon giitha /ɡiːt̪a/ 𔓜𔒄𔗦 /ˈarmas/ kirdikir /kiɖikir/ waldar /waldaɾ/ hla /hla/ bulan /buˈlan/ pira /ˈpira/
Star biidhi /biːt̪i/ /—/ kambin /kambin/ thurara /t̪uɾaɾa/ kar /karʔ/ bitun /bitun/ wirl /wiɭ/
Mother ngamu /ŋamu/ anni- /ˈanni/ ngama /ŋama/ ngama /ŋama/ na /na/ sindo /sinˈdoʔ/ ngamaji /ŋaˈmaɟi/
Father biiba /biːba/ 𔐞𔑣𔓯𔗔 /ˈtadis/ /—/ kanda /kanda/ paʔ /paʔ/ samah /saˈmah/ kirta /ˈkiʈa/
I ngayu /ŋaju/ 𔐀 /ˈamu/ ngada /ŋada/ ngada /ŋada/ ŋa /ŋa/ aku /aku/ ngaju /ŋaɟu/
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