𔖻𔑯𔗬𔖻𔓯

Luwian

Indo-European (Anatolian) · historical / hidden variety

FamilyIndo-European (Anatolian) SpeakersExtinct (~16th-7th c. BCE) ScriptCuneiform Luwian CountriesHittite Empire and Neo-Hittite/Luwian successor states (Anatolia, north Syria) Official inHittite Empire Vitalityextinct ISO 639-3xlu

Luwian was an Indo-European Anatolian language closely related to Hittite, attested across two distinct epigraphic traditions and roughly 1,000 years (~16th-7th c. BCE). Cuneiform Luwian appears in 14th-13th-c. BCE Hittite imperial archives at Hattusa. Hieroglyphic Luwian, written in distinctive Anatolian hieroglyphs (NOT related to Egyptian), survived the 1180 BCE Bronze Age collapse and was the official language of Iron Age Neo-Hittite/Luwian successor states (Tabal, Carchemish, Tabal, Hamath) until the 7th c. BCE Assyrian conquests. Decipherment of Anatolian hieroglyphs was completed in the 1970s.

Where it is spoken

20 core words in Luwian

Water

𔓷𔗬𔖻𔑯

/wadar/

Fire

𔑭𔖖𔖖𔗬

/paːhːur/

Sun

𔖻𔗬𔑯

/tiwad/

Moon

𔓯𔗬

/arma/

Mother

𔑯𔑯

/anna/

Father

𔑯𔑯𔗬

/tati/

Eat

𔑯𔗬

/ad/

Drink

𔑯𔓷

/aku/

Love

𔓷𔗬𔓯

/walaːhi/

Heart

𔓷𔗬𔖻

/kard/

Tree

𔑯𔓯

/alana/

House

𔑭𔗬𔑯

/parna/

Dog

𔖻𔓷𔑯

/zuwana/

Cat

/—/

Hand

𔖻𔑯

/iʃʃa/

Eye

𔖖𔗬

/hidu/

Hello

/—/

Thank you

/—/

One

𔑯

/as/

Good

𔓷𔓷

/walwa/

Sources

Words compared

Compared with related Indo-European (Anatolian) languages

Meaning LuwianHittiteOld PersianAvestanScythianMartu WangkaOld Japanese
Water 𔓷𔗬𔖻𔑯 /wadar/ 𒉿𒀀𒋻 /waːtar/ 𐎠𐎱 /aːpi/ 𐬁𐬞 /aːp/ ap /ap/ kapi /kapi/ /midu/
Fire 𔑭𔖖𔖖𔗬 /paːhːur/ 𒉺𒄩𒄴𒄯 /paxːur/ 𐎠𐎫𐎼 /aːtar/ 𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭 /aːtar/ ātar /aːtar/ waru /waɾu/ /pə/
Sun 𔖻𔗬𔑯 /tiwad/ /—/ 𐏃𐎢𐎺𐎼 /huwar/ 𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆 /huwarə/ hvar /xʷar/ tjirntu /cɪɳʈu/ /pi/
Moon 𔓯𔗬 /arma/ 𒀀𒅈𒈠 /arma/ 𐎶𐎠𐏃 /maːha/ 𐬨𐬁𐬵 /maːh/ māh /maːh/ kayalany /kajalaɲ/ /tukï/
Mother 𔑯𔑯 /anna/ 𒀭𒈾 /anːa/ 𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎼 /maːtar/ 𐬨𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭 /maːtar/ mātar /maːtar/ yakaji /jakaɟi/ /papa/
Father 𔑯𔑯𔗬 /tati/ 𒀜𒋫 /atːa/ 𐎱𐎡𐎫𐎠 /pitaː/ 𐬞𐬌𐬙𐬀𐬭 /pitar/ pitar /pitar/ mama /mama/ /titi/
Eat 𔑯𔗬 /ad/ 𒅕𒀀𒀜 /ed/ 𐎧𐎼 /xar/ 𐬑𐬬𐬀𐬭 /xwar/ xwartan /xʷartan/ ngalku- /ŋalku/ 多夫 /tabu/
Drink 𔑯𔓷 /aku/ 𒅔𒆪 /eku/ 𐎱𐎠 /paː/ 𐬞𐬁 /paː/ /—/ tjiki- /cɪki/ 能牟 /nəmu/
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